连续流反应器短程硝化的快速启动与维持机制

如何快速稳定地启动短程硝化工艺对低C/N比废水的处理具有十分重要的实际应用价值.针对城市污水厂以连续流工艺为主的现状,故对连续流反应器短程硝化的快速启动与维持进行研究.结果表明,利用间歇曝气,依次控制3个阶段的停/曝时间(15 min/45 min、45 min/45 min和30 min/30 min),连续流反应器经过60 d左右的运行,可以成功实现短程硝化的快速启动.控制停/曝时间为30 min/30 min,进水氨氮浓度为50或100 mg·L~(-1)时,亚硝化率分别可达90%或95%.另外,间歇曝气有利于抑制硝化菌(NOB)的活性,而缩短水力停留时间(HRT)可淘洗出NOB,两者结合可以更好地维持短程硝化.     

低DO下AGS-SBR处理低COD/N生活污水长期运行特征及种群分析

本研究在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS),构成AGS-SBR系统,研究其在低DO(0.5~1.0mg·L~(-1))条件下,处理低COD/N比(4.0)生活污水同步脱氮除磷的长期稳定运行特性,并解析反应器的主要菌群构成.结果表明,在反应器运行的180d里,AGS-SBR系统表现出了良好且稳定的除污能力,反应器对水体中COD、NH~+_4-N、TN和TP平均去除率分别达到87.17%、95.21%、77.05%和91.11%.好氧颗粒污泥沉降性能一直很好,污泥始终保持着完整的颗粒外观和密实紧凑的结构,并没有出现明显的颗粒污泥解体的现象.同时,高通量测序结果表明,变形菌门、厚壁菌门、绿菌门、绿弯菌门和拟杆菌门为SBR-AGS反应器中主要优势菌群.Denitratisoma、Planctomycetaceae、Thauera、Comamonas、Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira是反应器中与脱氮有关菌群;Clostridium和Anaerolinea是除磷相关细菌.     

低温条件IASBR处理养猪沼液脱氮性能研究

以实际养猪沼液为研究对象,考察分步进水间歇曝气序批式生物反应器(IASBR)在低温条件下的脱氮性能.结果表明:IASBR反应器的硝化性能临界水温为10℃,水温低于10℃时硝化性能急剧下降,水温10℃以上时氨氮去除率达到90%以上,且水温15℃以上氨氮负荷极限可达到0.30 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1);低碳氮比(COD/TN)1.7±0.3条件下,反硝化性能临界水温为20℃,20℃以上时TN去除率可保持在80%以上,最高达90%,20℃以下时脱氮效率明显降低,出现亚硝态氮积累现象.此外,IASBR反应器脱氮除磷效率高,温度对TOC和TP去除率的影响不敏感.不排泥条件下,进水COD/TN为3.1±0.4时,TN去除率高达90%以上,TOC和TP去除率分别高达83.6%±3.9%和58.5%±17.8%;随后COD/TN降低至1.7±0.3后,TN去除率仍高达80%以上,TOC和TP去除率仅略有降低分别为77.3%±4.6%、53.1%±10.1%.     

应用WRF/Chem模拟河南冬季大气颗粒物的区域输送特征

基于WRF/Chem模式,设置多组区域排放源的情景实验定量估算河南、京津冀、山东、山西、安徽和江苏、湖北6个区域人为源排放对河南省2015年12月PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度贡献率,并结合气象资料研究3个代表性城市的污染输送特征.结果表明:河南省冬季PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)主要来源为本省排放,平均贡献率分别为54.83%、61.32%.区域污染输送对河南颗粒物的贡献也占有很大比例,京津冀、安徽和江苏、山东、山西以及湖北对PM_(2.5)平均贡献率分别为11.95%、11.69%、7.95%、7.40%、4.30%,对PM_(10)平均贡献率分别为10.42%、10.03%、7.00%、6.89%、3.80%.PM_(2.5)外来输送率比PM_(10)要高,表明细颗粒物比粗颗粒物更易跨区域长距离输送.冬季长持续时间的污染过程大多受静风或小风控制,省内污染贡献最大,过程结束时伴随着大风,周边区域的污染贡献有所增加.不同城市的颗粒物来源与其地理位置、风速、风向等气象条件密切相关.区域污染来源具有复杂性,改善河南省空气质量是需要整个区域共同面对和解决的问题.     

不同季节气象条件对北京城区高黑碳浓度变化的影响

利用2013年至2015年北京城区黑碳气溶胶(下文统称为"BC")和PM2.5观测资料,结合地面气象观测资料、ECMWF边界层高度再分析资料和FNL/NCEP不同高度风速再分析资料,讨论了BC质量浓度及其在PM_(2.5)质量浓度中所占比例(下文统称"黑碳占比")的季节、月、日变化特征,并通过计算北京城区BC浓度与不同高度风速的相关矢量,分析了气象条件和外来输送对北京城区BC浓度变化的影响.结果发现:研究时段内北京城区BC浓度平均值为(4.77±4.49)μg·m~(-3);黑碳占比为8.23%±5.47%.BC浓度和黑碳占比在春、夏季低,秋、冬季高,其日变化特征在4个季节均为"白天低夜间高"的单峰型特征.随着PM_(2.5)浓度的升高,BC浓度增大,黑碳占比减小.当北京地区风向为东北、东北偏东、东南和西南偏西(主风向)时,BC浓度与风速和边界层高度均呈反向变化,即随风速和边界层高度的增大而减小.另外不同季节BC浓度随风速变化的临界值及其变化速率不同.冬季高BC浓度时段,北京城区BC浓度在低层大气的关键影响区分别位于河北南部与山东交界地区以及河北西北部与山西内蒙交界地区;高空关键影响区主要位于北京以西的河北西部、山西北部和内蒙古地区.     

汶川地震中远场深覆盖土层动力反应分析

对上海余山地震台在汶川地震中测得的基岩波地震记录进行频谱特性分析,然后以同济大学教学科研综合楼场地土层为研究对象,应用水平成层土层地震反应的一维有限元方法,分析该深覆盖场地在这一实测地震记录作用下的动力反应,并将其与同济大学强震监测台在汶川地震中获得的地表波记录进行对比.结果表明:汶川地震的远场地震动记录中,基岩波的长...     

钱塘江引水降氮示范工程的构建和运行研究

针对杭州西湖钱塘江引水低碳高氮的特点,提出以改性水草塘—复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)相耦合的生物—生态工艺进行引水处理,对该引水降氮示范工程的构建和运行效果进行了跟踪研究。结果表明,整个稳定运行期间(2012年7月19日至11月19日),耦合工艺对COD、TN、硝酸盐氮、TP的平均去除率分别为52.27%、52.49%、53.69%、52.79%,系统出水满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅳ标准;改性水草塘和IVCW单元作为耦合工艺的两个重要组成部分,在脱氮、除磷方面优势互补,从而共同保证出水水质的稳定;在改性水草塘单元,温度与COD的去除效果呈负相关关系,进水C/N与TN去除效果呈正相关关系;而在IVCW单元,温度与COD、TN的去除效果均呈线性正相关关系,进水C/N与两者的去除效果也呈正相关关系,且对COD的影响要大于对TN的影响。     

Prevalence of the Crayfish Plague Pathogen Aphanomyces astaci in Invasive American Crayfishes in the Czech Republic

Abstract:  In Central Europe invasive North American crayfishes are carriers of the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, which causes crayfish plague. This lethal disease currently represents one of the major threats to native European crayfishes. We used molecular methods—species-specific amplification and sequencing of the pathogen DNA—to investigate the prevalence of individuals latently infected with A. astaci in 28 populations of two invasive American crayfish species (6 of the signal crayfish [ Pacifastacus leniusculus ] and 22 of the spiny-cheek crayfish [ Orconectes limosus ]) in the Czech Republic. The pathogen occurred in 17 investigated populations. We recorded a high variation in positive reactions, ranging from 0% to 100%, in populations of O. limosus . In P. leniusculus, however, only one individual out of 124 tested positive for the pathogen. There was a clear relationship between the water body type and pathogen prevalence in O. limosus . Infection ratios in isolated standing waters were usually low, whereas in running waters, pathogen prevalence often exceeded 50%. Other evaluated characteristics of potential plague pathogen carriers (size, sex, and the presence of melanized spots in the cuticle) seemed to be unrelated to infection. Our data suggest that in contrast to other European countries, O. limosus seems to be the primary reservoir of crayfish plague in the Czech Republic. Although all populations of alien American crayfishes may be potential sources of infections and should be managed as such, knowledge on the prevalence of the plague pathogen at various localities may allow managers to focus conservation efforts on the most directly endangered populations of native crayfishes.     

Testing hypotheses on shape and distribution of ecological response curves

Niche theory with hypotheses on shape and distribution of ecological response curves is used in the studies of resource sharing of competing plant species. Predictions based on theory should be applicable when, e.g., effects of competing species on the ecological tolerances are assessed or species’ diversity along a resource gradient is evaluated. We studied the ecological response curves of competing plant species along a resource gradient in boreal forests. The study was based on nation-wide soil and vegetation data collected from 455 sample plots on boreal forests in Finland. Species response curves along a soil fertility gradient (in terms of C/N ratio) were estimated using generalized additive models. Distribution of species optima and the relationship of niche width and skewness to the location of the optimum were analyzed with new bootstrap tests. The developed tests can account for the effects of truncation observed in the response curves of several species and for the uneven distribution of observations on the gradient.The estimated response curves of the major field layer species of boreal forests were not evenly distributed along soil C/N gradient. The density of optima peaked with relatively high nitrogen availability. Species with optima at low nitrogen availability had relatively broad realized niches. Niche width was negatively correlated with the density of optima. Species optima were packed and niches were narrow at high resource levels. This result suggests that a greater number of more specialized species can occur and interspecific competition decreases niche widths at high resource levels. Species were packed in the gradient where the C/N ratio was lower than 25, i.e., in conditions where nitrification can take place. This indicates that the majority of the vascular plants of boreal forests are favoured by the availability of NO₃⁻. Those few species thriving at high C/N ratios have broader realized niches.     

A-O工艺污泥疏水比率与污泥活性的关系

通过A-O工艺对印染废水的降解处理,研究了不同污泥活性下微生物疏水比率和COD去除率的变化规律.结果表明,污泥活性指标ATP浓度与微生物疏水性之间存在一定关系,并对COD去除率产生一定的影响.缺氧污泥的活性指标ATP浓度在0.38～0.77 mg/L范围时,污泥微生物的疏水性最好且疏水比率最高值为84％,COD的去除率最高,为70.01％；好氧污泥的活性指标ATP浓度在0.86～2.17 mg/L范围时,污泥微生物的疏水性最好,疏水比率最高值为75％,COD的去除率最高为96.2％.