2018年石家庄市秋冬季典型霾污染特征

依托河北省灰霾污染防治重点实验室,对2018年10月31日至12月3日期间石家庄市大气PM_(2.5)的质量浓度和化学组分进行连续在线观测,解析石家庄市秋末冬初典型灰霾过程的特征.观测期间,石家庄市共发生4次霾污染过程,PM_(2.5)均为首要污染物,日均浓度最大值分别为154、228、379和223μg·m~(-3),达到重度污染甚至严重污染.PM_(2.5)主要组分为无机水溶性离子(WSII)和含碳气溶胶,两者质量浓度的平均占比分别为(60. 7±15. 6)%和(21. 6±9. 7)%.相比优良天,两者浓度分别上升了4. 4倍和3. 1倍,是霾污染形成的主要原因.WSII中NO_3~-为首要成分,SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+次之,三者(SNA)质量浓度之和占WSII质量浓度的(91. 5±17. 3)%,污染期间SNA的暴发式增长是推高PM_(2.5)浓度的主要原因.非高湿条件下,单位质量NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的变化速率差异不明显,高湿条件触发SO_2的液相氧化过程后,SO_4~(2-)二次转化被显著促进.大气处于富NH_3状态,PM_(2.5)中n(NH_4~+)与n(NO_3~-+2×SO_4~(2-))的比值 1,过量NH_3加剧NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的转化.霾污染时段,燃煤和机动车排放的一次污染物的积累为含碳气溶胶浓度上升的主要原因,相比优良天,二次有机碳的生成受到抑制.在采暖季开始之前的两次霾污染过程,移动源为PM_(2.5)首要污染源,平均占比30. 8%和39. 8%.随着燃煤采暖污染排放的增加,燃煤源贡献逐步增高至25. 2%,攀升为首要污染源.     

郑州市PM2.5组分、来源及其演变特征

为探究郑州市PM_2.5主要来源以及季节差异特征,本研究于2019年进行PM_2.5周期采样,并分析PM_2.5中的无机水溶性离子、碳组分和元素浓度.结果表明,郑州市2019年采样膜样品的PM_2.5平均浓度为（67.0±37.2）μg·m^-3,冬季浓度最高,夏季最低.PM_2.5中主要组分依次为：硝酸根、铵根、硫酸根、有机物（OM）、地壳物质和元素碳,春秋季节受地壳物质影响较大,夏季主要受硫酸盐影响,冬季有机物与硝酸盐浓度显著增高.二次转化是硫酸盐和硝酸盐的主要来源,夏季受光化学反应贡献显著,冬季受高湿条件下的液相反应影响明显.NO₃^-/SO₄^2-和OC/EC的值表明郑州市PM_2.5受汽车尾气排放、煤炭燃烧以及生物质燃烧影响较大.源解析结果表明,2019年二次源贡献最高（49.8%）,其中在冬季贡献达到56.5%;一次源中,扬尘在春季（15.2%）和秋季（11.4%）占比略高,机动车源在夏季贡献最大（12.3%）,冬季受燃煤源影响较大（13.2%）.2014~2019年郑州市PM_2.5受二次源影响逐年升高;工业源、生物质燃烧源和燃煤源整体呈下降趋势.     

Speciation characterization and coagulation of poly-silica-ferric-chloride：The role of hydrolyzed Fe（Ⅲ） and silica interaction

The highly e cient inorganic polymer flocculants (IPFs) of the ferric-silica system is a new and promising coagulant. Interactions between ferric species and silica play a large part in the coagulation of suspensions. These e ects are quite distinct from those associated with polymeric or colloid silica. However, although these species are key to coagulation e ciency, they have not been comprehensively discussed. A new type of coagulant, poly-silica-ferric-chloride (PFSC), was synthesized by co-polymerization and characterized by time complexation spectroscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. Compared with traditional ferric salt, the results indicated that PFSC had a higher molecular weight, lesser positive charge, lower Feb and higher Fec. The higher the Si/Fe ratio, the higher the silica and lower the silicac found. The PFSC with appropriate polysilica acid not only obtained better coagulation/flocculation e ciency in turbidity removal, enhanced the flocculation index (FI) and provided less residual ferric, it also lowered water treatment costs compared to traditional ferric salt. Results showed that PFSC could remove colloid particles in water by charge neutralization and sweeping, adsorption bridging mechanism.     

ERT技术在无机酸污染场地调查中的应用

利用高密度电阻率法对硫酸废液污染的场地进行污染调查,由于硫酸废液侵入土壤,使其介质的溶质浓度发生了改变,导致SO₄2-与地表潜水作用,电传导性提高,被污染土壤含盐量增加,但是电阻率降低与未被硫酸废液侵入的土层形成了一定的电性差异. 通过二维和三维电阻率层析成像(ERT)技术,圈定硫酸废液侵入土壤中的分布范围、侵蚀深度以及扩散羽流等,并对ERT结果进行土工试验异常验证. 结果表明:硫酸废液污染土壤的视电阻率小于6.0 Ω·m,污染区域长度达25.0 m,深度约4.0 m;地表土污染长度为12.0 m,表面宽度约4.0 m,污染土壤的总体积约为222.0 m3.      

水体中常见无机阴离子对TiO_2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响

选择了5种水体中常见的阴离子(Cl~-,SO_4~(2-),HCO_3~-,NO_3~-以及HPO_4~(2-)/H_2P_4~-),分别考察了其对TiO_2薄膜光催化还原模拟Cr(Ⅵ)废水的影响.从上述离子的光吸收,对·OH的捕获作用以及与Cr(Ⅵ)的竞争吸附三个方面讨论了上述离子影响TiO_2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)速率的原因.结果表明,体系酸性越强,越有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的还原;在pH值约为6时,HCO_3~-,Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)对TiO_2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)具有促进作用,NO_3~-具有抑制作用,H_2PO_4~-/HPO_4~(2-)在低浓度时具有促进作用,而在高浓度时具有抑制作用.造成上述结果的主要原因是Cl~-,SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-具有较强的·OH捕获作用和在TiO_2表面较低的吸附能力;H_2PO_4~-/HPO_4~(2-)在TiO_2表面具有较强的吸附能力;NO_3~-对紫外光吸收作用降低了TiO_2表面的紫外光强度以及自身光化学反应产生了·OH.     

AFTER THE 1993 FLOOD: A WATER AND SURFICIAL BED SEDIMENT QUALITY SCENARIO ON THE ILLINOIS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI RWERS1

ABSTRACT: Effects of the 1993 flood on river water and sediment quality were investigated using historical data and data collected from the Illinois River and Upper Mississippi River in a post‐flood period. Overall the post‐flood results showed systematic reductions and individual changes in the water and sediment constituents. The reductions in sediment metals and nutrients were most obvious at the Keokuk and Lock and Dam 26 stations. By analyzing and comparing the physical changes to the changes in water and sediment constituents at each station, it was found that physical processes such as sediment entrainment and, more importantly, the removal of fine sediment to be the main causes for the reduced concentrations in sediment constituents. On the other hand, sediment redistribution and associated secondary contamination could have caused the emergence of several water and sediment constituents that were undetected before the flood.     

条斑紫菜养殖对海区中无机氮浓度影响

2002年10月至2003年4月期间对江苏吕泗条斑紫菜栽培海区海水的无机氮进行跟踪监测。结果表明紫菜栽培可以降低整个海区的无机氮含量。在三种无机氮中,硝酸氮和亚硝酸氮的浓度变化不如氨氮明显,说明紫菜优先利用氨氮。     

多元复合高分子净水剂的合成与影响因素分析

通过对无机絮凝剂聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)和有机高分子聚丙烯酰胺及阳离子型调整剂为原料进行复合,制备了一种多元高效复合净水剂,对三种化合物的质量比、pH值、反应温度和反应时间进行调整和控制,并对其影响因素和性能进行了评价。实验表明该高效复合净水剂在油田稠油污水处理中,其除浊、除油、除悬浮物及除COD效果明显优于目前常用的PAFC、PAC、PFS等絮凝剂。     

珠三角地区大气PM_(2.5)理化特性季节规律与成因

基于珠三角大气超级站2013年8月至2014年3月PM2.5、PM2.5中主要水溶性无机离子组分及其重要气态前体物等参数的逐时在线监测结果,揭示当地大气PM2.5中二次无机组分与其气态前体物的相互作用,以及PM2.5理化特性与成因的季节差异。结果表明,观测期间,PM2.5、PM10的年平均质量浓度分别为64.2、105.1μg/m3,PM2.5在PM10中所占比例(PM2.5/PM10)平均为61.1%。SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4的年平均质量浓度分别为16.6、9.0、10.2μg/m3,3者之和(SNA)占PM2.5的比例(SNA/PM2.5)平均为55.8%,体现了二次转化对珠三角地区PM2.5污染的重要影响;不同季节,SNA/PM2.5为46.0%~64.3%,夏季最低,冬季最高,其中SO2-4、NH+4对PM2.5的贡献相对稳定,NO-3贡献的季节差异较大;秋、冬季各项观测参数浓度的日变化规律相对明显,夏季除HNO3和NH3外,多项观测参数在低浓度水平波动,日变化规律不明显;珠三角大气中具有足量气态NH3以中和硫酸盐和硝酸盐,PM2.5中NH+4、SO2-4、NO-3主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3形式存在;本研究站点夏季的硫氧化率和氮氧化率均高于广州市,这充分体现了该站点的区域性特征。     

Total and Methylmercury in Soft Tissues of White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Collected in Poland

Mercury (Hg) contamination in piscivorous birds, especially methylmercury (MeHg), has been drawing much attention worldwide in regard to its bioaccumulation and biomagnification in food chains. In this study on Hg in the soft tissues of white-tailed eagles (n = 22) and ospreys (n = 2) from Poland, total Hg (THg) range was 0.15–47.6 while MeHg range was 0.11–8.05 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight. In both species, median THg and MeHg concentrations were lower in the muscle and brain than in the liver and kidney. Median nephric residues were just under 3 and 5 mgTHg kg⁻¹ or 0.9 and 3.7 mgMeHg kg⁻¹ for white-tailed eagle and osprey, respectively. In Norwegian data from the 1970s and in our results, MeHg in the muscle of white-tailed eagle was ~60 % THg (%MeHg = MeHg/THg × 100), lower than in other piscivorous birds. A clear similarity in THg tissue levels was found between Polish and German populations of white-tailed eagles.