Characterisation of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus MY6-2 and its application in metal biosorption

A novel extracellular bioflocculant from Bacillus mucilaginosus MY6-2 was obtained by alcohol precipitation, dialysis and lyophilisation. The chemical analysis indicated that the bioflocculant was mainly composed of extracellular polysaccharide (named EPS MY6-2). Monosacchride composition result analysed by Gas chromatography indicated that EPS MY6-2 was mainly composed of Man, Glc, Gal, GlcA and GalA. The result of flocculating characteristics indicated that pH, EPS dosage and cation supplement had evident effect on flocculating activity of EPS MY6-2. The biosorption of iron ions from aqueous solution was tested with respect to pH, initial metal ion concentration and EPS dosage. The optimum biosorption conditions were as follows: pH 5.0, initial ion concentration from 200 to 800 mg/L and EPS dosage of 60 mg/L ion solution. The adsorption rates are maintained above 95% under these conditions. The adsorption data provided an excellent fit to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, implying that the binding of the iron ions took place as a monolayer on the surface of the EPS.     

皂化改性橘子皮生物吸附剂对重金属离子的吸附

以生物废料橘子皮(OP)为原料,经乙醇、氢氧化钠处理,得到改性橘子皮生物吸附剂SOP,将其用于对重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Zn2+和Ni2+的吸附。研究了溶液pH、吸附时间和重金属离子初始浓度对SOP吸附性能的影响。结果表明,重金属离子在生物吸附剂上的吸附速率快,符合准二级动力学方程。SOP对重金属离子的吸附等温线符合Lang-muir模型,根据Langmuir模型计算SOP对Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Zn2+和Ni2+的饱和吸附量分别为56.82、152.4、66.27、33.90和23.02 mg/g,均高于改性前。常见阳离子的存在对重金属离子吸附的影响较小,改性后的橘子皮生物吸附剂可以再生重复使用4次以上,是性能良好的重金属离子吸附剂。     

改进分光光度法测Ni以规避大量干扰离子

为测定含大量干扰离子的水样中镍的浓度,提出一种改进的分光光度法。即以多种物质的吸光曲线回归方程,将实时测得的水样吸光度分解成多种物质的吸光度,利用多元一次方程进行求解并计算出浓度的方法。新方法在不进行修正时,对含Cr6+干扰的水样Ni2+测定的结果,误差较小。多组分的水样测量吸光度误差较大,通过引入修正系数修正后误差大幅下降。方法中Ni2+、Fe3+的吸光度与显色时间基本无关;而对于Mn2+、Cu2+和Cr6+,显色时间应控制在0.5～2.5 min内或10 min外,以保证测得吸光度值的稳定与准确。对组成不同的含Mn2+和Fe3+水样测得的Ni2+浓度分析,变异系数(CV)4.74%,检出限为0.275 mg/L,精确度和精密度较好。同时,这种规避方法还具有其他作用,可以在分析组分的同时粗略算出含量。     

上海市郊节假日大气颗粒物中碳和离子的粒径分布

由于人类节日活动,节日大气污染与平时相比有独特性,了解其污染特征对指导人类生活有重要意义。用Staplex公司分粒径的大流量采样器采集上海嘉定区2009—2010年节日(春节、劳动节、中秋节、国庆节)及相应临近非节日(以下简称非节日)的大气颗粒物样品,分析了颗粒物中主要化学组分的节日特征。在所研究的4个节日中,春节由于受到大量烟花爆竹燃放的影响,节日效应最为严重,且其影响主要在细粒径段(3.00μm)。春节细粒径段颗粒物质量浓度、有机碳和元素碳质量浓度分别为99.2、30.2、9.5μg/m3,与非节日的比值分别为1.5、2.6、3.4;而影响最严重的离子是K+和Mg2+,其与非节日的比值分别为29.0和23.7。总体而言,春节颗粒物浓度最高和化学组分污染最严重,其次是劳动节、国庆节、中秋节。     

橘子皮皂化改性及其对重金属离子的吸附

以农林废弃物橘子皮(OP)为原料,经氢氧化钠皂化处理,得到了改性橘子皮生物吸附剂(MOP),并将其用于对水溶液中重金属离子的吸附.研究了氢氧化钠溶液浓度、浸泡时间对改性产物产率和吸附性能的影响;通过扫描电镜、红外光谱分析,化学耗氧量、比表面积、Zeta电位的测定等方法研究了橘子皮皂化改性的机理.结果表明,橘子皮用0.2...     

不同氯离子浓度对电化学法处理微污染水中含氮化合物的影响

采用电化学氧化法对微污染水进行处理,在极板间距为1 cm,电解时间为10 min的条件下,通过投加NaCl溶液,使水中的NH4+及Cl-的摩尔比分别为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3,并与未投加NaCl溶液的电解出水进行比较,主要考察不同氯离子浓度对电化学法去除微污染水中的含氮化合物的效果影响.实验表明:随着氯离子浓度的不断提高...     

改性花生壳粉对钙离子的吸附特性研究

利用改性花生壳粉吸附去除水中产生硬度的主要离子钙离子,考察了改性花生壳粉的吸附动力学和吸附平衡特性,并利用傅立叶红外光谱（FTIR）对其结构特性进行了表征。结果表明,钙离子吸附量的85％发生在45min时,其吸附平衡基本在4h内完成,可以通过准二级吸附动力学准确地表征该吸附过程,且改性花生壳粉对钙离子的吸附能够很好地遵循Langmuir等温吸附模型。当pH由2升高至12时,钙离子吸附量随之增加,且在强碱性时吸附效果尤为显著。在花生壳粉固定床吸附实验中,钙离子的穿透曲线很好地遵循Thomas方程。通过FTIR分析发现,改性花生壳粉中较高含量的不饱和基团（C=C,C=O）和C-O官能团在对钙离子的吸附过程中作用最强。     

厌氧颗粒污泥吸附去除废水中Hg2+的研究

在实验室条件下,以静态、序批的方法研究了厌氧颗粒污泥对废水中Hg²⁺的吸附特性及环境条件对其吸附能力的影响,并通过红外光谱和能谱对比手段,初步探讨了厌氧颗粒污泥吸附Hg²⁺的机理。结果表明,厌氧颗粒污泥对Hg²⁺的吸附过程符合准二级吸附动力学模型,其吸附等温线与Freundlich型拟合得较好(R²=0.9933);pH是影响吸附的重要因素,在pH值为3～8的范围内,吸附量较大,最大为64.64 mg/g,当pH值大于8或小于3时,吸附量逐渐下降;温度对吸附也有一定的影响,但影响程度不明显。红外光谱和能谱分析表明,厌氧颗粒污泥表面功能基团对Hg²⁺的络合作用是吸附的主要机理,这些基团包括—CH、—CH₂ 、—CH₃、P—H、CO、C—N、PO、SO及C—H,同时在吸附过程中还存在一定的离子交换吸附。     

Zeolite formation from coal fly ash and heavy metal ion removal characteristics of thus-obtained Zeolite X in multi-metal systems

Zeolitic materials have been prepared from coal fly ash as well as from a SiO₂–Al₂O₃ system upon NaOH fusion treatment, followed by subsequent hydrothermal processing at various NaOH concentrations and reaction times. During the preparation process, the starting material initially decomposed to an amorphous form, and the nucleation process of the zeolite began. The carbon content of the starting material influenced the formation of the zeolite by providing an active surface for nucleation. Zeolite A (Na-A) was transformed into zeolite X (Na-X) with increasing NaOH concentration and reaction time. The adsorption isotherms of the obtained Na-X based on the characteristics required to remove heavy ions such as Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ were examined in multi-metal systems. Thus obtained experimental data suggests that the Langmuir and Freundlich models are more accurate compared to the Dubinin–Kaganer–Radushkevich (DKR) model. However, the sorption energy obtained from the DKR model was helpful in elucidating the mechanism of the sorption process. Further, in going from a single- to multi-metal system, the degree of fitting for the Freundlich model compared with the Langmuir model was favored due to its basic assumption of a heterogeneity factor. The Extended-Langmuir model may be used in multi-metal systems, but gives a lower value for equilibrium sorption compared with the Langmuir model.     

重金属离子对活性污泥处理污水的影响

研究了Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+3种金属离子对活性污泥系统处理污水效能的影响。通过对出水理化指标和生物指标的测定反映Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+对活性污泥系统运转效能的影响。结果表明:实验第4 d,Hg2+(0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6 mg/L),Cd2+(15、20、25和30 mg/L)和Pb2+(300、400、600和800 mg/L)各实验组出水的COD、SVI等均有显著影响。在实验中得出,对COD影响最为明显的为浓度600 mg/L和800 mg/L Pb2+实验组,在第4 d时,出水的COD去除率已经为零。锐利楯纤虫对Hg2+的浓度变化耐受力较强;点钟虫对Cd2+的浓度变化耐受力较强;杯钟虫对Cd2+的浓度变化耐受力较强。锐利楯纤虫对Pb2+和Cd2+的浓度变化较为敏感;点钟虫对Hg2+的浓度变化较为敏感;小口钟虫对Pb2+的浓度变化较为敏感。