城市土地利用对居民通勤碳排放的影响研究

以南阳市为例,基于3 746组实地调查数据,采用GIS、多元线性回归和结构方程模型,系统分析了我国中部城市居民通勤碳排放的空间分异特征,重点研究了居住地和工作地中小尺度土地利用因子对通勤碳排放的影响机制。研究发现:在内生变量中,通勤距离和通勤方式均是影响居民通勤碳排放的显著因素;在外生变量中,工作地的道路密度和商业用地占比、居住地的人口密度与通勤碳排放呈显著正相关,公交线路数量、居住地的土地利用混合度、工作地的居住用地和工业用地占比与通勤碳排放呈显著负相关。研究成果旨在为研究区城市土地利用优化调控和低碳规划提供决策依据,也为其他同类地区城市土地利用低碳规划与可持续发展提供借鉴。     

武汉城市圈公路沿线土地利用变化规律分析

区域交通土地一体化规划需要明晰公路沿线的土地利用变化过程。基于随机概率的土地转移矩阵模型及相关结构指数,分析了武汉城市圈公路沿线的土地变化规律。结果显示,从变化量而言,武汉城市圈各类型公路沿线耕地转为建设用地的比例最大,且以国道最为明显;从系统的变化方向而言,各公路类型沿线建设用地占用耕地现象显著,此外,高速沿线建设用地占用水域,国道沿线耕地占用林地,以及各类型公路沿线耕地、林地闲置现象也需及时监测和预警。     

化工园区安全规划发展历史回顾

系统回顾了化工园区安全规划的发展历史,简要介绍不同国家化工园区安全规划的分区制思想以及相应的法律法规要求。以1970年代中期为界,化工园区安全规划历史大体可分为两个阶段。第一阶段基本确立了土地利用规划分区制的思想,风险越大,工业活动就建设在距人居环境越远的区域。但由于没有量化的理论和方法支持,因此,不能准确确定合适的安全距离。第二阶段从科学的土地利用规划开始并得益于定量风险评价的日趋成熟和广泛使用。由于能够定量计算出比较准确的安全距离和可承受风险,因而可以更好地进行工业活动分区和安全规划。目前单纯基于风险的安全规划暴露出一定的局限性,人们不仅要考虑工业活动的潜在风险,而且需要综合考虑经济、社会、环境、生态以及人文历史等诸多因素,因此,急需研究能够综合处理复杂问题的安全规划理论和方法。回顾历史并分析和比较,笔者认为,科学的安全规划是预防重特大事故的根本措施之一,健全的法制基础是实施安全规划的必要保障,风险评价技术是实施安全规划的有力武器。取得的研究成果对我国化工园区以及其他工业园区的建设具有一定的借鉴和启迪作用。     

经济增长方式转变与节约利用土地研究

在当前努力实现经济增长方式转变的过程中,经济方式的转变与节约利用土地资源的关系有待探讨。经济增长方式的本质内容是生产要素的组合和使用方式。转变经济增长方式,即从依靠生产要素的数量扩张而实现的粗放型经济增长,转变为依靠生产要素的效率提高而实现的集约型经济增长[1]。土地作为社会经济发展的重要要素之一,对土地资源的节约利用是实现集约型经济增长的重要内容之一,同时节约利用土地资源对经济增长方式的转变起着重要的促进作用。     

高速公路用地复垦技术体系浅析

根据高速公路用地特点和复垦要求 ,结合近几年高速公路用地复垦研究成果和土地复垦技术理论 ,对高速公路用地复垦技术体系进行系统阐述和探讨。将对高速公路复垦技术理论和实践的发展有一定促进作用。     

Forest land use change in the philippines and climate change mitigation

Tropical forests in countries like thePhilippines are important sources and sinks of carbon(C). The paper analyzes the contribution of Philippineforests in climate change mitigation. Since the 1500s,deforestation of 20.9 M ha (10⁶ ha) of Philippineforests contributed 3.7 Pg (10¹⁵ g) of C to theatmosphere of which 2.6 Pg were released this century. At present, forest land uses store 1091 Tg(10¹² g) of C and sequester 30.5 Tg C/yr whilereleasing 11.4 Tg C/yr through deforestation andharvesting. In the year 2015, it is expected that thetotal C storage will decline by 8% (1005 Tg) andtotal rate of C sequestration will increase by 17%(35.5 Tg/yr). This trend is due to the decline innatural forest area accompanied by an increase intree plantation area. We have shown that uncertaintyin national C estimates still exists because they arereadily affected by the source of biomass and Cdensity data. Philippine forests can act as C sink by:conserving existing C sinks, expanding C stocks, andsubstituting wood products for fossil fuels. Here weanalyze the possible implications of the provisions ofthe Kyoto Protocol to Philippine forests. Finally, wepresent current research and development efforts ontropical forests and climate change in the Philippinesto improve assessments of their role in the nations Cbudgets.     

Economics and Land-Use Change in Prioritizing Private Land Conservation

Abstract:  Incentive-based strategies such as conservation easements and short-term management agreements are popular tools for conserving biodiversity on private lands. Billions of dollars are spent by government and private conservation organizations to support land conservation. Although much of conservation biology focuses on reserve design, these methods are often ineffective at optimizing the protection of biological benefits for conservation programs. Our review of the recent literature on protected-area planning identifies some of the reasons why. We analyzed the site-selection process according to three important components: biological benefits, land costs, and likelihood of land-use change. We compared our benefit-loss-cost targeting approach with more conventional strategies that omit or inadequately address either land costs or likelihood of land-use change. Our proposed strategy aims to minimize the expected loss in biological benefit due to future land-use conversion while considering the full or partial costs of land acquisition. The implicit positive correlation between the likelihood of land-use conversion and cost of land protection means high-vulnerability sites with suitable land quality are typically more expensive than low-vulnerability sites with poor land quality. Therefore, land-use change and land costs need to be addressed jointly to improve spatial targeting strategies for land conservation. This approach can be extended effectively to land trusts and other institutions implementing conservation programs.     

Invisible territory: mapping land-use change and power in the Peruvian Amazon

ABSTRACT

This paper follows the evolution of the discourse of agricultural productivity, from its inception in colonial land-use mapping to current land-use changes, using a case study of the expansion of an oil palm company onto the territory of an indigenous community in the Peruvian Amazon that caused large-scale deforestation. Drawing on analytical tools of political ecology and insights from historical geographythis paper shows how current soil and land classification, forest usufruct rules, and forest designations under the 2011 Forest and Wildlife law stem from a colonial discourse of agricultural productivity. This discourse excludes other forms of land-use, such as indigenous forest management, and the identities and relationships bound up in those. This research contributes to an understanding of how the processes that seek to quantify and determine land-use change are historically embedded in western ideas of agricultural productivity.     

Urbanization-related changes in European aspen (Populus tremula L.): Leaf traits and litter decomposition

We investigated foliar and litter responses of European aspen (Populus tremula L.) to urbanization, including factors such as increased temperature, moisture stress and nitrogen (N) deposition. Leaf samples were collected in 2006-2008 from three urban and three rural forest stands in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, southern Finland, and reciprocal litter transplantations were established between urban and rural sites. Urban leaves exhibited a higher amount of epicuticular waxes and N concentration, and a lower C:N ratio than rural ones, but there was no difference in specific leaf area. Urban litter had a slightly higher N concentration, lower concentrations of lignin and total phenolics, and was more palatable to a macrofaunal decomposer. Moreover, litter decay was faster at the urban site and for urban litter. Urbanization thus resulted in foliar acclimatization in terms of increased amount of epicuticular waxes, as well as in accelerated decomposition of the N-richer leaf litter.     

南京市快速城市化时期城市用地优化评价实证研究

我国已经进入快速城市化的关键时期。城市用地需求激增，城市空间变化剧烈。按照科学发展观的时代要求,正确评价城市土地的利用水平，促进区域城市的健康和谐发展，具有十分重要的意义。以南京市为例，总结了城市用地建设中存在的城乡失衡、耕地危机、功能削弱、效率降低等主要问题，并尝试建立土地利用优化评价模型，以综合判断在快速城市化阶段城市用地的集约化程度。通过对南京市的实证分析可见，在城市的迅速扩张中，城市用地的确存在集约水平波动的现象，而且不同指标呈现差异化发展趋势。21世纪的城市土地利用，由粗放到集约、由重量到重质、由紊乱到有序是必然选择。