采伐影响下森林景观服务功能变化研究

文章以大兴安岭呼中林业局亚里河林场为研究区,以遥感数据、林相图和采伐设计资料为信息源,选择水源涵养、固土保肥、固定CO2和释放O2四项服务功能,运用景观生态学原理,引用相应模型,估算了研究区1989年和2000年服务功能价值及其空间分布变化;建立历年采伐分布图,计算采伐造成的服务功能价值损失,揭示该损失值与木材生产的经济效益之间的关系,并分析了服务功能价值在各管理区域内的分布。结果表明,1989年服务功能价值为1.85×108元,2000年为1.37×108元,价值20×104元h/m₂以上的面积明显下降。生态服务功能的下降由采伐导致,1989至1999年采伐导致的生态损失价值为0.71×108元,是木材生产获利的1.9倍,采伐损失价值与年出材量呈现相同的变化趋势。最后证明了管理等级区划和限制采伐量,即“天保工程”,将有利于森林植被恢复,大幅度提高整个亚里河林场的生态服务功能。     

森林生态效益补偿的研究现状与展望

由于森林的生态效益外部性和公共物品的特性,较大部分难以通过传统的市场实现其经济价值。如何通过适当的措施将森林生态效益外部性内部化,部分或全部地实现森林生态效益的价值,对森林生态效益的提供者进行补偿,吸引全社会参与森林的保护与培育,即如何用经济杠杆解决森林生态效益的外部性和公平性,是急需解决的问题,也是当前国内外生态经济学研究的一个热点和难点问题。通过综合分析相关文献,理清生态效益补偿的概念,对森林生态效益补偿展开研究和探讨。对发达国家的森林生态效益补偿的理论和实践经验进行总结归纳,为我国建立森林生态效益补偿机制提供借鉴。分析国内森林生态效益补偿的具体实践,得出我国森林生态效益补偿制度中需要完善的方面。最后,提出我国今后森林生态效益补偿制度工作的研究方向。     

苏北辐射沙洲海岸带农业景观生态分析与优化设计

在世界上具有独特环境资源意义的苏北辐射沙洲位于南黄海西南隅,其不断并岸成陆产生大片开发潜力巨大的农用土地资源.但目前存在诸如岸线冲淤、生态脆弱、过度与无序开发等环境资源问题.在实地综合调研的基础上,运用景观生态学的基本理论,对区域农业景观空间格局进行调整与优化设计,提出促进区域农业生态-经济-美学多重价值同步提高,实现持续农业的有效途径,并以具典型特征的如东县作为个案分析,提出了调整与优化设计的建议.     

钢厂矿渣微晶玻璃制造及效益分析

综合利用工业废渣 ,开发新型材料是保护环境的一种有力手段 ,主要介绍了以高炉矿渣为主要原料的钢厂矿渣微晶玻璃生产 ,包括微晶玻璃生产的原料、配方、关键制造工艺以及性能分析 ,并且得出结论 :以高炉废渣为主要原料生产微晶玻璃技术可行 ,同时具有良好的应用前景和巨大的环境效益     

Landscape as a predictor of wetland condition: an evaluation of the Landscape Development Index (LDI) with a large reference wetland dataset from Ohio

RecentAbstract. Recent approaches to wetland assessment have advocated a multilevel approach which incorporates assessments based on landscape (remote sensing) data, on-site but “rapid” methods, and intensive methods where quantitative data is collected. Brown and Vivas (2004) recently pro- posed an assessment method that uses remote sensing information (Landscape Development Index or LDI) and propose that it may also be usable as a quantified human disturbance gradient. The LDI was evaluated using a large reference wetland data set from Ohio using land use percentages within a 1 km radius circle of the wetlands. The LDI had interpretable and significant relationships with another human disturbance gradient (the Ohio Rapid Assessment Method for Wetlands or ORAM) and with most metrics and scores from the Vegetation Index of Biotic Integrity (VIBI) developed for use in the State of Ohio. Metrics from emergent wetlands had the most significant correlations with the LDI (10 of 10 metrics), followed by forested wetlands (8 of 10 metrics) and shrub wetlands (4 of 10). Poor correlation for VIBI scores and metrics of shrub wetlands was due to differences in attainable LDI scores based on ecoregion and natural buffers shielding the wetland from otherwise intensive land uses. The ORAM and VIBI were developed for use in wetlands in Ohio completely independent of the LDI. It is an important test of the LDI concept that so many interpretable and significant relationships occurred between the VIBI scores, VIBI metric values, and the ORAM scores. For the purposes of VIBI development, the LDI is an independent, quantified disturbance gradient that has provided an additional test of the VIBI. Given its theoretical underpinnings and the fact that it uses quantified land use percentages, the LDI has many advantages over more qualita- tive human disturbance gradients. Using land use percentages from increasingly smaller distances from the wetland edge (100-200 m) may improve the resolution of the LDI to detect on-site dis-turbances to a wetland which degrade its ecological condition. The LDI should be evaluated with other large reference data sets in other regions to evaluate its validity and usefulness as an assessment tool.     

北京公园水体污染原因分析及治理现状调查

分析了北京市公园景观水体污染的主要原因,详细调查了目前公园为治理景观水体污染采取的技术措施,提出了综合治理技术的设计原则和目标,应用物理、化学、生物学等综合技术是治理景观水体污染的有效途径。     

考虑环保效益的混合产品提供策略稳定性研究

当前,中国制造产业面临污染能耗大、全球竞争优势递减、人口红利消失、产品日趋同质化和客户需求日益个性化等产业困境。随着《中国制造2025》对服务型制造理念的推动,以实物产品为载体,衍生与产品相匹配的服务,并与产品构成“混合产品”来解决客户问题的观点逐渐被诸多企业认同和实践。在混合产品提供过程中,考虑到节约资源、保护环境和预防污染,以及生产者责任延伸制下的政府约束,制造企业能否通过调整混合产品提供策略以削减上述顾虑并落实生产者责任延伸制的要求?本文在耦合生产者责任延伸制和混合产品理论的基础上,发现考虑环保效益的混合产品策略主要受政府、制造企业和客户决策行为的影响,籍此,构建了“政府-企业-客户”三方演化博弈模型,探讨各主体采取不同行为决策时策略的演化路径,并以共享电动汽车为例,验证本文模型,得到一些发现:客户支付意愿能促进策略实现,但促进作用边际递减,为此要求企业服务衍生把握深度和广度,并强调政府引导供需交互的重要性;策略稳定性受制造企业间接收益影响,而服务和环境元素对间接受益的影响更为显著;制造企业服务衍生和客户支付行为之间存在意愿平衡点,为政府制定适度性的扶持政策提供参考;潜在损失的增加促使企业和客户积极参与考虑环保效益的混合产品提供策略;政府参与度的增加促进客户价值创造效用边际递增。研究结论为制造企业在生产者责任延伸制下合理地提供混合产品,政府引导市场客户与激励制造企业方面的政策制定,客户对混合产品消费观念的重塑提供了建议与理论指导。     

Evaluation of solar powered water pumping system: the case study of three selected Abattoirs in Ibadan,Nigeria

In this paper, detailed and comprehensive analysis of the technical, environmental and economic benefits of providing adequate water supply using solar PV system for three selected abattoirs (Bodija, Akinyele and Iyana church abattoirs) in Ibadan are presented. First, an estimate of average daily water requirement for slaughtering and cleaning cattle is obtained for each of the abattoir. This was achieved through oral interviews conducted at the different abattoirs to arrive at a reliable estimate. Thereafter, the total water requirement, the water storage capacity and the electrical load requirement necessary for the sizing of solar PV system that will enhance the smooth operation of the abattoir are determined. Some of the key results revealed that the water requirements of the abattoirs are 208,780, 91,632 and 78,590 l/week, respectively. The most suitable submersible pump for the three abattoirs is 60GS50 (5hp, 60gallon/min Goulds series). The cost of pumping water and providing lighting for smooth operation of the abattoirs are $0.23, $0.21 and $0.19, respectively. The results also show that 16,300, 15,200 and 14,600 kg/yr of carbon dioxide as well as 46.37, 43.36 and 41.45 kg/yr of carbon monoxide could be avoided, respectively with the implementation of the project.     

南四湖湿地建设的综合效益

南四湖作为南水北调东线工程的主要输水干线和调蓄水库,目前人工湿地建设已初见成效。从环境效益、生态效益、社会效益、经济效益、科研效益等方面分析了南四湖人工湿地在改善南四湖流域生态环境、稳定南水北调调水水质方面发挥的重要作用。     

石油开发对辽河油田湿地景观格局变化的影响分析

通过对1989-2009年20年间景观格局的空间分布、变化特征以及变化趋势分析,揭示了造成双台子河自然保护区环境变化的主要驱动力是人类活动和社会经济发展的影响,定量计算了石油开发对研究区域景观格局变化的影响。结果显示:1989-2009年双台河口自然保护区的土地利用类型发生了很大的变化,景观破碎度明显增加,人类活动导致保护区内的土地利用和景观格局也发生了明显变化,但油田开发在总的土地利用变化中的贡献率仅为4.6%。