Environmental Equity and the Role of Public Policy: Experiences in the Rijnmond Region

This Φ Ψ study of environmental equity uses secondary quantitative data to analyze socioeconomic disparities in environmental conditions in the Rijnmond region of the Netherlands. The disparities of selected environmental indicators—exposure to traffic noise (road, rail, and air), NO₂, external safety risks, and the availability of public green space—are analyzed both separately and in combination. Not only exposures to environmental burdens (“bads”) were investigated, but also access to environmental benefits (“goods”). Additionally, we held interviews and reviewed documents to grasp the mechanisms underlying the environmental equity situation, with an emphasis on the role of public policy. Environmental equity is not a priority in public policy for the greater Rotterdam region known as the Rijnmond region, yet environmental standards have been established to provide a minimum environmental quality to all local residents. In general, environmental quality has improved in this region, and the accumulation of negative environmental outcomes (“bads”) has been limited. However, environmental standards for road traffic noise and NO₂ are being exceeded, probably because of the pressure on space and the traffic intensity. We found an association of environmental “bads” with income for rail traffic noise and availability of public green space. In the absence of regulation, positive environmental outcomes (“goods”) are mainly left up to market forces. Consequently, higher-income groups generally have more access to environmental “goods” than lower-income groups.     

农业生产转型及其环境效应的研究进展与展望

农业绿色转型已经成为乡村振兴与农业农村深化改革的关键路径,亟待探索农业生产转型与其环境效应的耦合关系与机制,从而推进农业的高质量发展。近年来,学者们基于不同的空间尺度,对农业生产转型及其环境效应的过程、格局、机理与优化调控开展了广泛探讨。为系统梳理该方面研究的相关进展,识别出相应的研究不足,本文采用文献分析与系统归纳相结合的方法,分析了农业生态环境问题的识别、测度与成因等方面的研究态势,从关键要素的视角解析了农业生产转型对生态环境影响的研究进展,并对农业经济增长与农业面源污染和农业生产转型与农业生态效率的相互关系进行了总结。研究指出：未来农业生产转型及其环境效应研究应加强从系统科学的视角解读二者的互馈关系,并关注二者互馈响应的区域异质性,深化基于土地系统科学视角的耕地利用转型的环境影响研究,通过多学科交叉融合加强对中国特色“小农”生产方式转型所引发的环境问题的微观机理探析。     

典型喀斯特地区国土空间生态修复分区研究——以贵州猫跳河流域为例

国土空间生态修复是实现生态系统服务可持续供给的重要保障,明确其空间分区是开展生态修复的前提条件。针对现有生态修复分区方法的层级单一、结果针对性欠佳等问题,以典型喀斯特地区贵州猫跳河流域为研究区,构建“自然立地条件—主导生态功能—生态胁迫问题”生态修复分区框架。选取海拔、坡度、地形起伏度、植被类型等自然立地条件指标分析流域内地域分异规律,进而划定生态修复一级分区;基于水源涵养、土壤保持、生物多样性维护、粮食供给等主要生态系统服务功能评价结果识别区域主导生态功能,据此划定生态修复二级分区;结合石漠化敏感性、水土流失敏感性及生态退化度等关键生态胁迫问题指标构建生态修复分区指数识别生态修复重点区域,进而开展生态修复三级分区划分。最终,将猫跳河流域划分为3个生态修复一级分区、10个生态修复二级分区及30个生态修复三级分区,并提出了相应的生态修复策略。研究可为猫跳河流域生态修复实践提供参考,并为西南喀斯特地区生态修复分区提供理论借鉴。     

乡镇街道尺度国土“三生”空间功能评价及协调关系

乡镇街道尺度国土“三生”空间功能评价及协调关系研究更面向国土空间优化过程中的人本需求导向和基层精细化治理。研究提出“分维功能评价—协调水平测算—作用方向判别”的整套思路框架。其中,兼顾空间隶属和空间质量双重属性构建“三生”空间功能综合评价指标体系,运用耦合协调模型和双变量空间自相关模型探究功能间协调水平及各自对整体协调的作用方向,并以苏州市为例进行实证分析。结果表明：（1）所构建分析框架、指标体系及技术方法路径具有科学性和普适性特点,能够在乡镇街道尺度有效识别“三生”空间功能分布格局和空间协调关系。（2）在乡镇街道尺度的较高标准约束下,苏州市“三生”空间功能具有较显著城乡差异和区域差异,且“三生”空间功能协调整体水平呈现“大分散、小集聚”的分布特征,协调水平主要受生产、生活空间功能同向作用,生态空间功能的协同作用不足、多呈现反向关系。（3）从城区、乡镇、生态单元等不同空间类型提升“三生”空间综合功能,完善基层国土空间治理的精细化,在更大尺度上实现“三生”空间的整体协调,构建功能复合、风貌相宜、协调共进的国土空间格局。     

生态文明时代国土空间规划理论与技术方法创新

国土空间规划是现代国家实施国土空间治理的重要手段,是为实现特定战略意图而进行的理性设计,规划的编制实施理念会随时代的发展而变化。为了解生态文明时代国土空间规划理论与技术方法创新,特邀请本领域的五位知名专家就国土空间规划和治理的价值导向、目标追求、重点任务、实施路径和主要领域等开展访谈。专家认为：（1）国土空间规划需要用更高的整体利益原则去处理个体利益之间的失衡,在整体利益的指引下提升特定利益的最大化和保证其他利益的最起码满足。（2）国土空间规划和治理的目标不是单纯追求“地理的普遍繁荣”,而是需要重视追求“人民的普遍幸福”,营造宜居宜业的高品质国土空间。（3）国土空间规划需要统筹安全与发展,合理适度开发利用自然资源,推动实现人与自然和谐共生。（4）需要以核心都市圈为支点,主要城市群为平台,打造宜居城市、韧性城市、智慧城市,建立高质量的城市生态系统和安全系统,重塑中国经济地理格局。（5）城市,特别是大城市是国土空间规划和治理的重点地区,需要通过拓展对城市多元属性的认知、系统研判大城市空间治理的问题与成因,完善大城市治理的逻辑。通过专家访谈,可以看出国土空间规划本质上是对空间关系的重建与重构,需要协调人地关系,推动实现人与自然和谐共生;需要处理好多元主体的利益关系,实现社会和谐;还需要尊重山水林田湖草沙生命共同体、城市有机体等不同层级国土空间单元的运行规律,维护和修复各要素之间的联系和作用机制。     

基于无人机影像的城市植被精细分类

针对传统植被资源调查方法工作量大、成本高、效率低的问题,利用高分辨率无人机遥感影像,联合地物光谱-纹理-空间信息,构建了一种适用于描述城市不同植被种类的多维特征空间,在此基础上对三种应用广泛的分类算法(基于像素的、面向对象的支持向量机及深度学习Mobile-Unet语义分割模型)开展了对比分析研究.结果表明:本文提出的联合地物光谱-纹理-空间信息的特征空间构建方法能够有效地描述城市不同类型植被的特征差异,提升影像分割、植被分类的精度;在分类精度上,基于像素和面向对象的支持向量机分类结果的总体精度均超过90%,深度学习方法的总体分类精度为84%;在算法效率上,传统机器学习方法也优于深度学习方法.因此,得出结论针对城市小区域、小样本的植被精细分类,传统机器学习分类方法比深度学习方法效果更好.     

Does Riparian Forest Restoration Thinning Enhance Biodiversity? The Ecological Importance of Large Wood

Intact riparian ecosystems are rich in biological diversity, but throughout the world, many have been degraded. Biodiversity declines, particularly of vertebrates, have led to experimental efforts to restore riparian forests by thinning young stands to accelerate creation of large diameter live trees. However, many vertebrates depend on large diameter deadwood that is standing as snags or fallen to the forest floor or fallen into streams. Therefore, we reviewed the sizes of deadwood and live trees used by different vertebrate species to understand which species are likely to benefit from different thinning treatments. We then examined how riparian thinning affects the long‐term development of both large diameter live trees and deadwood. To this end, we used a forest growth model to examine how different forest thinning intensities might affect the long‐term production and abundance of live trees and deadwood. Our results suggest that there are long‐term habitat tradeoffs associated with different thinning intensities. Species that utilize large diameter live trees will benefit most from heavy thinning, whereas species that utilize large diameter deadwood will benefit most from light or no thinning. Because far more vertebrate species utilize large deadwood rather than large live trees, allowing riparian forests to naturally develop may result in the most rapid and sustained development of structural features important to most terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates.     

自吸过滤式呼吸器对人体主观舒适度的影响

测定了在中等（100W）和高等（155W）劳动强度下，8名受试者佩戴5种自吸过滤式呼吸器（呼吸阻力及死腔不同）从事踏车运动时的主观舒适度。结果表明：随着呼吸负荷增大，受试者的主观不适度显著增强；在中等运动负荷条件下，高温环境中人员对呼吸负荷主观不适度的反应更加明显；在高运动负荷条件下，常温环境人员对呼吸负荷主观不适度的反应更加明显。     

Differences in nitrous oxide fluxes from red soil under different land uses in mid-subtropical China

Red soil may play an important role in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions due to its recent land use change pattern. To predict the land use change effect on N₂O emissions, we examined the relationship between soil N₂O flux and environmental determinants in four different types of land uses in subtropical red soil. During two years of study (January 2005-January 2007), biweekly N₂O fluxes were measured from 09:00 to 11:00 a.m. using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to estimate the seasonal and annual N₂O flux differences from land use change and, reveal the controlling factors of soil N₂O emission by studying the relationship of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature with soil N₂O flux. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly higher in hot-humid season than in the cool-dry season. Significant differences in soil N₂O fluxes were observed among four land uses; 2.9, 1.9 and 1.7 times increased N₂O emissions were observed after conventional land use conversion from woodland to paddy, orchard and upland, respectively. The mean annual budgets of N₂O emission were 0.71-2.21 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from four land use types. The differences were partly attributed to increased fertilizer use in agriculture land uses. In all land uses, N₂O fluxes were positively related to soil temperature and DOC accounting for 22-48% and 30-46% of the seasonal N₂O flux variability, respectively. Nitrous oxide fluxes did significantly correlate with WFPS in orchard and upland only. Nitrous oxide fluxes responded positively to MBC in all land use types except orchard which had the lowest WFPS. We conclude that (1) land use conversion from woodland to agriculture land uses leads to increased soil N₂O fluxes, partly due increased fertilizer use, and (2) irrespective of land use, soil N₂O fluxes are under environmental controls, the main variables being soil temperature and DOC, both of which control the supply of nitrification and denitrification substrates.     

Spatial diffusion patterns of Protestants in Guangdong since 19th century

地理环境往往会对宗教的扩散和分布产生重要影响.扩散是宗教地理研究关注的一个重要方面,而对具体宗教扩散模式的研究在国内尚属薄弱.对基督教新教自19世纪初传人广东后的空间扩散形态进行分析,发现存在着多种扩散模式.其中,点轴式迁移扩散最为普遍,但中间障碍的存在常常使发展轴线发生变换;等级扩散呈现出按照人口分布规模、交通地重要性和行政等级的特征;传染扩散模式随着媒介的变化而不断演进;依托海岛的跳板式扩散则是沿海地区基督教扩散的特殊形式.这些模式虽是从经典文化扩散模式演化而来,但在具体特征上已有显著变化.研究试图对传统的文化扩散模式进行重新解读,并为"腹地一口岸一市场"的文化扩散理论提供成熟案例.