应用模糊综合指数法对伊犁河（伊宁段）水质的综合评价

模糊数学法对伊犁河(伊宁段)水质进行综合评价时,由于分别采用地面水环境质量标准中五类标准值的平均值及其中三个标准值,计算后的结果不一致,而模糊综合指数法避免了这类问题的出现,计算结果比较满意.从而表明,该法是对模糊数学法的进一步改进.     

基于网格空间数据的晋陕蒙接壤区生态环境综合评价

晋陕蒙接壤区是典型的生态过渡带、生态脆弱带。文章在调查研究的基础上 ,选取了 1 3个评价指标 ,应用层次分析法确定其权重 ,并将各个因子分级标准化和定量赋值 ,再用加权求和法得到每个评价单元的环境质量综合评价指数。根据环境综合评价指数将环境质量分为较好 (≥ 8)、一般 (≥ 6～ <8)、较差 (≥ 4～ <6)、恶劣 (<4) 4级。结果表明 :晋陕蒙接壤区的环境质量大多处于较差等级 ,较好、一般、较差、恶劣等级的面积比例分别为 2 .2 % ,2 8% ,5 7.4%和1 2 .4%     

Application of CFD Methods for Modelling in Air Pollution Problems: Possibilities and Gaps

Different urban air pollution problems deal with complex structure of air flows and turbulence. For such problems the Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods become widely used. However, this approach despite a number of advantages has some problems. Experience of use of CFD tools for development of models and suggestions of their applications for a local scale air pollution over a complex terrain and stable stratification are discussed in this paper, including: Topography and complex geometry: choose of the co-ordinate system and computer grid; Turbulence closure for air pollution modelling: modified k- model for stable stratified ABL; Boundary conditions for vertical profiles of velocity for stable-stratified atmosphere; Effects of the radiation and thermal budget of inclined surfaces to dispersion of pollutants; Artificial sources of air dynamics and circulation.Some examples of CFD applications for air pollution modelling for a flat terrain, mountainous area, mining open cast and indoor ventilation are discussed. Modified k- model for stably-stratified ABL is suggested. Due to the isotropic character of the k- model a combination of it in vertical with the sub-grid turbulence closure in horizontal can be more suitable for ABL. An effective scheme of boundary conditions for velocity profiles, based on the developed similarity theory for stable-stratified ABL, is suggested. Alongside with the common studies of atmospheric dispersion, the CFD methods have also demonstrated a good potential for studying anthropogenic and artificial-ventilation sources of air dynamic and circulation in local-scale processes of air pollution.     

Monitoring of diazinon concentrations and loadings,and identification of geographic origins consequent to stormwater runoff from orchards in the Sacramento River watershed,U.S.A

Diazinon contamination of California's rivers has resulted in placing several rivers on the federal Clean Water Act § 303d list of impaired waterways. Impaired water body listing requiresthe development of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL). Previous studies identified stormwater related diazinon pulses in California rivers. This study was conducted to monitor diazinonconcentrations in the Sacramento River watershed after rainfallevents, to ascertain whether pulses could be identified and, ifconcentrations of concern were observed, to estimate loadings anddetermine geographic origins of the insecticide. TMDL developmentrequires knowledge of contaminant sources, loadings, and geographic origins. Flow and diazinon concentrations peaked in the Sacramento River at Sacramento after the three largest stormsduring January and February 1994. Diazinon concentrations peakedconsequent to each of three storms. Diazinon concentrationsmeasured in the Sacramento River at Sacramento exceeded theCalifornia Department of Fish and Game acute and chroniccriteria for protection of aquatic life during January andFebruary for nine and nineteen days, respectively. Multipleexceedances were observed throughout the watershed. Diazinon loading and geographic origin differed with each of the three storms. The design of this study provides a useful template for others attempting to identify loadings and sources of contaminants in surface waters and to rectify aquatic ecosystemcontamination from various land use practices.     

Effect of temperature on single and competitive adsorptions of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto natural clays

This study conducted a combined adsorption-sequential extractionanalysis (CASA), by which five phases (i.e., exchangeable, carbonate, Mn-Oxide, organic, and Fe-Oxide phases) of adsorbed heavy metals were analyzed, to investigate temperature effects on single and competitive adsorptions of Zn(II) and Cu(II) ontonatural clays. In the case of single adsorption of Zn, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased from 65 to 40%, but thecarbonate phase adsorption increased from 30 to 40%, with an increase in temperature from 15 to 55 °C. However, in itscompetitive adsorption with Cu, Zn was mostly present in the exchangeable phase (over 90%), and with an increase in temperature, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased only 10%. In the case of Cu, over 50% among the total amount of adsorption was present in the carbonate phase in both cases ofsingle and competitive adsorptions. The carbonate phaseadsorption of Cu increased from 56 to 61% and from 60 to 66% in single and competitive adsorptions, respectively, with atemperature increase. These results show that in the case of Zn,the major mechanism of retention in natural clay soils might beexchangeable phase adsorption, especially in the case of competitive adsorption with Cu. However, in the case of Cu, the major mechanism might be carbonate phase adsorption, which is known to be a more immobile phase than exchangeable phase adsorption. It seems that the adsorption of Zn and Cu onto natural clays is an endothermic reaction, which represents thatthe adsorption equilibrium constants and capacities increase with a temperature increase, with the exception of exchangeablephase adsorption.     

Geostatistical Uncertainty Modelling for the Environmental Hazard Assessment During Single Erosive Rainstorm Events

This paper presents an environmental hazard assessment to account the impacts of single rainstorm variability on river-torrential landscape identified as potentially vulnerable mainly to erosional soil degradation processes. An algorithm for the characterisation of this impact, called Erosive Hazard Index (EHI), is developed with a less expensive methodology. In EHI modelling, we assume that the river-torrential system has adapted to the natural hydrological regime, and a sudden fluctuation in this regime, especially those exceeding thresholds for an acceptable range of flexibility, may have disastrous consequences for the mountain environment. The hazard analysis links key rainstorm energy variables expressed as a single-storm erosion index (EI_sto), with impact thresholds identified using an intensity pattern model. Afterwards, the conditional probabilities of exceeding these thresholds are spatially assessed using non-parametric geostatistical techinques, known as indicator kriging. The approach was applied to a test site in river-torrential landscape of the Southern Italy (Benevento province) for 13 November 1997 rainstorm event.     

环境监测实验室信息管理系统建设——以上海市环境监测中心为例

简述了实验室信息管理系统(LIMS)的概念和建设LIMS的现实意义,着重介绍了上海市环境监测中心实施LIMS的过程和体会,分析了环境监测实验室在LIMS选型和实施过程中需要注意的问题及LIMS对现行工作的影响,并对需进一步完善的功能提出了建议.     

灰色系统模型在总悬浮物预测中的应用

以１９８６－１９９４年东北某城市总悬浮物统计资料为依据，应用灰色系统理论ＧＭ（１，１）模型对总量浮物数值进行预测分析。     

灰色聚类法在大气环境评价中的应用及与其它方法的比较

髟灰色聚类法对乌市和昌吉市的大气环境质量进行了评价，并就污染因子的权重问题与其它评价方法进行了比较，指出了其它方法处理权重的局限性和不合理性，肯定了灰色聚类法对要权重的处理方法。     

我国内陆流域各类水体中天然放射性核素浓度

1985年～1989年由新疆、甘肃、青海、西藏、内蒙古、陕西、宁夏等省、自治区环境监测站(研究所)对内陆流域各类水体中U、Th、~(226)Ra、~(40)K浓度进行调查,由调查的29条内陆河、23个湖泊、15座水库、55处井泉和34个自来水的统计结果表明,流域内各水体中U和~(40)K浓度的平均值与同期调查的黄河水系同类水体的浓度相近,明显高于长江水系,与全国同类水体相比亦属偏高。Th和~(226)Ra的平均浓度与全国同类水体的浓度相近,甘、新内陆区浓度较低。调查发现,一些咸水湖、井水和自来水中U、~(226)Ra,或~(40)K浓度异常偏高。