基于博弈-可拓理论的隧道围岩稳定性评价

针对隧道围岩稳定性评价的模糊性和主观影响问题，建立基于博弈-可拓理论的隧道围岩稳定性评价模型。该模型采用岩石单轴抗压强度、岩体质量指标、完整性系数、体积节理数、声波纵波波速值、地下水渗水量作为隧道围岩稳定性评价指标，运用关联函数法、熵权法和改进层次分析法单独计算各个指标的权系数，利用博弈论组合赋权确定所得3个权系数的最优组合权系数，以此计算出待评隧道围岩关于各稳定性等级的加权关联度，根据计算结果判定待评隧道围岩稳定性等级。实例计算表明:运用博弈-可拓理论评价隧道围岩稳定性等级，综合了主客观因素，使评价结果更为合理可靠，为隧道风险控制与安全管理提供了新的依据。     

基于集对可拓耦合算法的尾矿库安全综合评价

针对尾矿库安全综合评价中“定性定量评价尾矿库安全等级”和“客观描述尾矿库安全状态变化趋势”的要求，采用集对分析方法和可拓理论，利用可拓距计算原理，建立尾矿库集对可拓耦合安全评价模型和尾矿库集对势的计算方法。利用RSCIE权重计算方法确定尾矿库评价指标的权重，将基于集对可拓耦合算法的尾矿库安全评价模型用于尾矿库各安全等级集对可拓联系度的分析中，并基于最大隶属度原则确定案例中的尾矿库为正常库，其集对可拓联系度为0.040 6，安全状态的集对势为9.26。结果表明:该尾矿库的安全等级为正常库，且其安全状态发展趋势为弱同势，说明尾矿库的安全状况发展趋势为正常库的态势不强，且向不安全状态转变的可能非常大，应该加强该尾矿库的日常安全管理。这与实际情况相符合，有效验证了该评价模型的可行性和实用性。     

基于可拓联系云模型的隧道塌方风险等级评价方法

为准确预测隧道塌方风险等级，基于塌方相关理论和工程实际，建立塌方风险等级评价因子体系，借助云理论中云雾化现象检验采用综合权重方法确定的评价因子权重，利用物元可拓理论与联系云模型实现评价因子定性与定量之间的转换，提出1种基于可拓联系云的隧道塌方风险等级评价方法。计算待评价物元与联系云模型间的综合确定度，结合模糊等级特征值确定塌方风险等级，并引入距离相似性判断风险的演变趋势。研究结果表明:可拓联系云模型评价结果与实际塌方风险等级一致，模型可以较好地适用于隧道塌方风险等级评价。     

高海拔地区在役混凝土桥梁安全预警研究*

为准确评估高海拔地区在役混凝土桥梁的安全状况，对后续的运营及维修加固提供可行方案，采用模糊物元可拓理论对高海拔地区在役混凝土桥梁进行安全预警研究。首先分析混凝土桥梁结构特点及主要病害，结合高海拔地区特殊的地理环境对混凝土桥梁的影响，参考相关规范和高海拔地区桥梁安全事故的调研资料，确定出高海拔地区在役混凝土桥梁安全预警指标体系；采用组合赋权法中的“乘法”集成法，将G1法确定的主观权重和变异系数法确定的客观权重相结合，确定安全预警指标的综合权重；基于物元理论和可拓集合理论建立高海拔地区在役混凝土桥梁安全预警模型，运用模糊综合评判法确定桥梁的安全预警级别，判断出桥梁的安全状况，并给出相应的处理措施。最后通过实际案例，验证该方法的实用性和合理性。结果表明，该方法能够对我国高海拔地区在役混凝土桥梁进行安全预警。     

Leaf litter leachates have the potential to increase lifespan, body size, and offspring numbers in a clone of Moina macrocopa

Leaf litter processing is one major pathway of the global organic carbon cycle. During this process, a variety of small reactive organic compounds are released and transported to the aquatic environment, and may directly impact aquatic organisms as natural xenobiotics. We hypothesize that different forest stockings produce different leachate qualities, which in turn, stress the aquatic communities and, eventually, separate sensitive from tolerant species. Particularly, leachates from coniferous trees are suspected to have strongly adverse impacts on sensitive species. We exposed individuals of a clone of the model organism, Moina macrocopa, to comparable concentrations (approximately 2 mM) of litter leachates of Norway spruce, Picea abies, Colorado blue spruce, Picea pungens, black poplar, Populus nigra, and sessile oak, Quercus petraea. The animals were fed ad libitum. The following life trait variables were recorded: growth, lifespan, and lifetime offspring. To identify, whether or not exposure to litter leachates provokes an internal oxidative stress in the exposed animals we measured the superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity via photoluminescence. Except of P. abies, exposure to the leachates reduced this antioxidant capacity by approximately 50%. Leachate exposures, except that of Quercus, increased body size and extended lifespan; furthermore, particularly the leachates of both Picea species significantly increased the offspring numbers. This unexpected behavior of exposed Moina may be based on food supplements (e.g., high carbohydrate contents) in the leachates or on yet to be identified regulatory pathways of energy allocation. Overall, our results suggest that the potentially adverse effects of litter leachates can be overruled by either bacterial-growth supporting fractions in the leachates or an internal compensation mechanism in the Moina individuals.     

基于MATLAB的火灾探测报警系统寿命分布和可靠度研究

基于不同的系统可靠性寿命分布类型对应的可靠度模型,介绍4种常见的系统可靠性寿命分布模型的适用情况、特征、规律。根据概率论和数理统计相关理论,研究在MATLAB下判断系统寿命分布模型的方法,利用MATLAB函数对模型参数进行估计,构建系统可靠度模型。并以某商场的火灾探测报警系统作为研究对象,收集一段时间的系统故障数据,运用MATLAB数值分析方法,得出火灾探测报警系统的可靠度模型,找出系统可靠度随使用寿命的变化规律。结果表明:计算得到的商场火灾探测报警系统的可靠度随着使用时间变化规律与实际情况基本吻合。     

某RDX基浇注PBX的加速老化规律与寿命评估

目的掌握环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX)基浇注高聚物黏结炸药(PBX)的加速老化规律,分析老化机理和关键敏感参量,并探讨加速老化寿命评估方法。方法针对RDX基浇注PBX开展60、70、80℃等恒定温度下的加速贮存老化试验,采用微焦点X射线计算机断层扫描仪(微焦点CT)、核磁共振、气相色谱等方法,分析浇注炸药在老化过程中微孔隙率、交联密度以及增塑剂含量等结构参量的变化规律,通过对这几种参量的对比,分析其老化机理,并进一步对加速老化寿命评估方法进行初步探讨。结果浇注PBX在加速老化过程中会出现明显的孔隙率逐渐增加、交联密度逐渐增加以及增塑剂逐渐降低等问题,且表现为温度越高,相关性能参量变化得越快。鉴于增塑剂含量的降低理论上会导致孔隙率增加,且增塑剂具有降低感度的作用,对于侵彻安定性具有较大的影响,且增塑剂含量的表征方法简便,以增塑剂含量作为浇注PBX的敏感参量,采用阿伦尼乌斯模型,对浇注PBX的寿命进行了评估。结论RDX基浇注PBX在加速老化过程中孔隙率、交联密度以及增塑剂含量会出现较为明显的变化,可作为性能评价的敏感参量。以增塑剂含量作为敏感参量,以增塑剂含量降低10%为判据,推导出RDX基浇注PBX的寿命约为14.5 a(25℃)和23.8 a(21℃)。     

Preparation and photocatalytic properties of porous C and N co-doped TiO2 deposited on brick by a fast, one-step microwave irradiation method

A one-step microwave irradiation method was used to deposit carbon and nitrogen co-doped TiO_2((C, N)-TiO_2) on commercial brick((C, N)-TiO_2/brick). The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet–visible(UV–vis) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). A selective technique was also used to investigate the concentration of hydroxyl radicals during UV–vis irradiation of the Methyl Orange solution with the as-prepared samples. The C and N dopants enhanced visible light absorption and provided a longer lifetime for the photo-generated electron–hole pairs. The SEM images showed that the as-prepared sample is porous. The dark adsorption and photodegradation test for(C, N)-TiO_2/brick showed good photodegradation and good recyclability. The best photodegradation rate was 94% after 2 hr. The maximum degradation rate was maintained even after the 6th cycle. The good photocatalytic properties are attributed to the enhanced visible light absorption, enhanced pollutant adsorption arising from the porous structure of the(C, N)-TiO_2 thin film, and longer lifetime of the photo-generated electron–hole pairs.(C, N)-TiO_2/brick should have potential commercial applications in photodegradation processes because of its low cost, good photodegradation, and excellent recyclability.     

弹用电连接器湿热环境下寿命预测

目的预测某型电连接器的剩余寿命。方法以某弹用电连接器为研究对象,在分析导弹服役环境和电连接器失效机理的基础上,基于电连接器接触电阻性能退化特点,利用Wiener过程拟合电连接性能退化轨迹。然后,以Wiener过程的漂移参数为中间变量,采用广义Eyring模型,对温度、湿度应力进行建模,进而根据试验数据对性能退化数据似然函数的参数进行估计。最后,结合加速模型,推导得到正常应力水平下的漂移参数值,从而确定出电连接器的可靠度模型。结果计算出样品电连接器的平均寿命,可进一步推断该型电连接器的其他寿命信息。结论Wiener过程可以拟合湿热环境下电连接器的性能退化轨迹,温湿应力是开展弹上设备试验需重点关注的因素,考虑进一步提高类似环境载荷下的加速退化试验效率,可在一定程度上增大温度应力水平。     

燃煤电厂电除尘改造技术及应用

简述了我国燃煤电厂电除尘器的现状,概述了我国燃煤电厂电除尘器改造的一些主要技术路线,并重点分析了宝钢自备电厂电除尘采用高频电源结合本体扩容的改造案例。