亚硒酸盐对四种蔬菜生长、吸收及转运硒的影响

采用土培盆栽试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了添加不同含量外源亚硒酸盐对小白菜、芥菜、生菜和菠菜的生长、吸收及转运硒的影响.结果表明,低含量硒(＜3.81 mg·kg-1)对供试的4种蔬菜的生长均有促进作用,而高含量硒(＞29.91 mg·kg-1)却显著抑制蔬菜的生长,并对供试蔬菜的茎、根产生明显的毒害作用.同等硒添...     

成都市一次重度灰霾期间大气PM2.5的自组织临界特性

2013年1—2月期间,四川省成都市出现大范围、长时间、高浓度的严重霾污染.本文运用频度统计分析和消除趋势波动分析方法,研究了成都市2013年1月25日—2月7日一次典型重度灰霾期间8个监测站点(草堂寺、人民公园、梁家巷、金泉两河、十里店、沙河铺、三瓦窑、灵岩寺)大气PM2.5小时平均浓度序列的时空演化规律.结果表明,各站点大气PM2.5的浓度波动并非随机,而在统计上服从典型的负幂律分布,同时均表现出很强的长期持续性特征.这些特征刻画了灰霾期间大气PM2.5浓度波动的宏观特征.将PM2.5浓度演化与沙堆崩塌进行类比,发现大气PM2.5演化具有自组织临界性复杂系统的基本特征.进一步根据自组织临界(SOC)理论,建立了大气PM2.5数值沙堆模型,模型算法考虑了此次灰霾期间成都市的气象因素和PM2.5的迁移扩散机制.通过对该模型的数值模拟,能够定量阐明此次重度灰霾期间成都市各监测站点大气PM2.5浓度时空波动宏观统计规律的产生根源.同时,深入讨论了该模型的自组织临界特征.模拟结果和实际结果的高度一致表明该模型真正阐明了导致PM2.5浓度时空波动的重要动力机制.SOC内禀机制是控制此次成都市灰霾期间大气PM2.5浓度演化的主要机制之一.本研究可为灰霾期间PM2.5的演化动力学提供新的研究方法.     

上海典型持续性PM2.5重度污染的数值模拟

本研究针对2013年1月23~24日的上海PM_(2.5)持续重污染过程,采用WRF-Chem大气化学模式以及PM_(2.5)质量浓度、能见度、气象要素等地面实测资料相结合的方式,揭示了造成上海冬季PM_(2.5)持续性重污染的一类"天气学必要成因",即一次弱冷空气活动过程导致了两种不利污染天气条件——"弱气压场(静稳形势)"和"弱冷空气扩散(输送形势)",两者先后影响上海造成PM_(2.5)浓度持续上升.主要过程如下:首先弱冷空气影响之前,上海处在不利的局地气象扩散条件下,受弱气压场控制10 h后本地PM_(2.5)质量浓度达到重度污染水平,之后夜间稳定边界层(地面静风和低层逆温)使得PM_(2.5)重度污染维持了7h,期间PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为172.4μg·m~(-3).后期弱冷空气影响上海,虽然改善了局地扩散条件但是同时产生了明显的周边污染物输送,使得本地PM_(2.5)质量浓度升高并达到峰值(280μg·m~(-3)),继续加重污染水平,期间PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为213.6μg·m~(-3).WRF-Chem模拟结果进一步表明,整个污染过程周边区域输送对上海PM_(2.5)平均贡献率为23%,其中两个阶段周边区域输送的平均贡献率分别为17.2%和32.2%,可见在不同的污染天气条件下周边污染源的贡献存在显著差异,因此可以根据对污染天气类型的预判制定应急减排方案.     

基于距离相关系数和支持向量机回归的PM2.5浓度滚动统计预报方案

针对目前空气质量统计预报方法存在的主要缺陷,本文提出了距离相关系数和支持向量机回归相结合的统计预报方案DC-SVR.利用淮安市2013年1—12月PM_(2.5)观测资料和常规气象观测资料,首先在选入预报当日气象要素的基础上,增加选取前期污染物和气象要素作为预报因子,再采用距离相关系数分季节从预报因子中筛选出重要预报因子,最后采用支持向量机回归对PM_(2.5)浓度值进行逐日滚动统计预报.研究发现,淮安地区气温和气压对PM_(2.5)的距离相关性要高于其他气象要素,夏秋季PM_(2.5)与气象要素的距离相关性较春冬季好.基于距离相关系数和支持向量机回归建立DC-SVR模型,PM_(2.5)的试预报值和实测值的全年相关系数高达0.76,平均偏差仅为1.13μg·m~(-3),平均绝对误差为23.47μg·m~(-3).通过与支持向量机回归、人工神经网络的统计预报效果对比,DC-SVR模型有效降低预报因子维数且能自适应选取最佳参数,预报精度显著优于其他3种统计预报方案,可为业务化预报提供参考.     

应用WRF/Chem模拟河南冬季大气颗粒物的区域输送特征

基于WRF/Chem模式,设置多组区域排放源的情景实验定量估算河南、京津冀、山东、山西、安徽和江苏、湖北6个区域人为源排放对河南省2015年12月PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度贡献率,并结合气象资料研究3个代表性城市的污染输送特征.结果表明:河南省冬季PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)主要来源为本省排放,平均贡献率分别为54.83%、61.32%.区域污染输送对河南颗粒物的贡献也占有很大比例,京津冀、安徽和江苏、山东、山西以及湖北对PM_(2.5)平均贡献率分别为11.95%、11.69%、7.95%、7.40%、4.30%,对PM_(10)平均贡献率分别为10.42%、10.03%、7.00%、6.89%、3.80%.PM_(2.5)外来输送率比PM_(10)要高,表明细颗粒物比粗颗粒物更易跨区域长距离输送.冬季长持续时间的污染过程大多受静风或小风控制,省内污染贡献最大,过程结束时伴随着大风,周边区域的污染贡献有所增加.不同城市的颗粒物来源与其地理位置、风速、风向等气象条件密切相关.区域污染来源具有复杂性,改善河南省空气质量是需要整个区域共同面对和解决的问题.     

地基弹性参数对于长型大截面地下结构横向自由振动的影响

自由振动分析是地下结构地震动力响应分析的基础.本文利用笔者先前得到的长型地下结构的自由振动方程,研究了地基弹性参数对地下结构自由振动的影响.由分析可以看出,随着地基弹性参数值的增加,结构中波速值总的趋势是增加,但是温克尔地基参数对结构中波速的影响远大于第二地基参数的影响;地下结构振动频率总的趋势是随着温克尔地基参数(k...     

汶川地震中远场深覆盖土层动力反应分析

对上海余山地震台在汶川地震中测得的基岩波地震记录进行频谱特性分析,然后以同济大学教学科研综合楼场地土层为研究对象,应用水平成层土层地震反应的一维有限元方法,分析该深覆盖场地在这一实测地震记录作用下的动力反应,并将其与同济大学强震监测台在汶川地震中获得的地表波记录进行对比.结果表明:汶川地震的远场地震动记录中,基岩波的长...     

Changes in bird‐migration patterns associated with human‐induced mortality

Many bird populations have recently changed their migratory behavior in response to alterations of the environment. We collected data over 16 years on male Great Bustards (Otis tarda), a species showing a partial migratory pattern (sedentary and migratory birds coexisting in the same breeding groups). We conducted population counts and radio tracked 180 individuals to examine differences in survival rates between migratory and sedentary individuals and evaluate possible effects of these differences on the migratory pattern of the population. Overall, 65% of individuals migrated and 35% did not. The average distance between breeding and postbreeding areas of migrant individuals was 89.9 km, and the longest average movement of sedentary males was 3.8 km. Breeding group and migration distance had no effect on survival. However, mortality of migrants was 2.4 to 3.5 times higher than mortality of sedentary birds. For marked males, collision with power lines was the main cause of death from unnatural causes (37.6% of all deaths), and migratory birds died in collisions with power lines more frequently than sedentary birds (21.3% vs 6.3%). The percentage of sedentary individuals increased from 17% in 1997 to 45% in 2012. These results were consistent with data collected from radio‐tracked individuals: The proportion of migratory individuals decreased from 86% in 1997–1999 to 44% in 2006–2010. The observed decrease in the migratory tendency was not related to climatic changes (temperatures did not change over the study period) or improvements in habitat quality (dry cereal farmland area decreased in the main study area). Our findings suggest that human‐induced mortality during migration may be an important factor shaping the migration patterns of species inhabiting humanized landscapes.     

Time and cost characterisation of emissions from non-road diesel equipment for infrastructure projects

The construction process contributes to pollutant emissions, particularly through the operation of diesel- and gasoline-powered equipment. In the past decade, a series of investigations were undertaken to quantify these emissions for a variety of non-road construction equipment performing different activities and undergoing different duty cycles, and a model to estimate quantities of six types of pollutant was developed. This paper uses that model to estimate emissions for four street and utility construction projects which no one has done previously. We combined information from company records with standard construction industry manuals to estimate total emissions for the projects and to examine the pollution patterns and magnitudes. The street construction projects all had similar emission profiles with a large peak at the beginning and a steady output of emissions throughout the duration of the project. For example, in two of the projects studied, half of all CO₂ emissions were produced before the projects were 40% completed. Results showed that demolition and earthwork are the activities with the largest contribution. The equipment types with the largest contribution are backhoes, front-end loaders, bulldozers and trenchers. Trenchers, for example, produced 30% of all emissions on the projects on which they were used.     

Comparing Costs of Onsite Best Management Practices to Nutrient Credits for Stormwater Management: A Case Study in Virginia

Best management practices (BMPs) are widely used to mitigate impacts of increased impervious surfaces on stormwater runoff. However, there is limited detailed and up‐to‐date information available on the cost of designing, constructing, and maintaining BMPs over their lifetime. The objective of this study is to analyze BMPs recently constructed by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) to quantify their total cost per pound of phosphorus removed annually. A motivating factor for the study is recent changes to regulatory guidelines in Virginia which allow for full or partial substitution of purchased nutrient credits in lieu of constructing onsite BMPs to achieve compliance with stormwater quality regulations. Results of the analysis of nine BMPs found their cost ranged from $20,100 to $74,900, in 2014 dollars, per pound ($44,313‐$165,126 per kg) of phosphorus removed. Based on these results and assuming current credit prices procured by VDOT, purchasing nutrient credits is a cost‐effective option for the agency, especially when factoring in the cost of additional right of way for the BMP. Based on this finding, we expect compliance with stormwater quality regulations through credit purchases to become more widely used in Virginia. Moving forward, we suggest more direct tracking of BMP costs to support comparisons between BMP costs across a range of types and conditions to credit purchases for meeting stormwater regulations.