纳米乳化油修复地下水硝酸盐过程中产气及微生物增殖代谢对多孔介质堵塞的模拟评估

为有效评估纳米乳化油原位处理地下水硝酸盐过程中,产气及微生物增殖代谢对含水层多孔介质的堵塞作用,以纳米乳化油为碳源,采用市售反硝化菌剂接种微生物进行硝酸盐降解批实验研究,探讨产气及微生物增殖代谢的动态变化及特征,并基于Kozeny-Carman(K-C)方程、Clement、Pham及Kozeny Grain(KG)模型,对假定含水层一维流模拟柱,预估产气及微生物增殖代谢造成的渗透性损失,识别堵塞过程及主导因素.结果显示,反硝化菌降解效果良好,硝氮总去除率达90.23%.CO_2及N_2为主要产气成分,降解1 mg硝氮对应的平均CO_2产气量为0.71 mL,平均N_2产气量为0.14 mL;微生物代谢产物胞外聚合物以蛋白质及多糖为主,降解1 mg硝氮平均蛋白产量为0.64 mg,平均多糖产量为0.16 mg.在含水层不与外界交换气体的假设前提下,K-C方程预测显示产气可在2个周期内造成渗透性完全损失,Clement、Pham及KG模型评估的微生物增殖代谢造成中、细砂渗透性损失分别为10.87%～31.10%、12.77%～48.32%,分析认为初期细胞生物量是导致渗透性骤降的关键因素,后期为细胞生物量和胞外聚合物共同作用.此外,封闭体系中产气是堵塞的主导因素,随着含水层开启程度增加,产气的贡献占比会下降,微生物的贡献占比提高.因此,对于相对封闭的含水层系统,探索增强其开放状况是缓解堵塞的有效途径之一.     

Scenario simulations of CO2 injection feasibility, plume migration and storage in a saline aquifer, Scania, Sweden

Deep saline aquifers have large capacity for geological CO₂ storage, but are generally not as well characterized as petroleum reservoirs. We here aim at quantifying effects of uncertain hydraulic parameters and uncertain stratigraphy on CO₂ injectivity and migration, and provide a first feasibility study of pilot-scale CO₂ injection into a multilayered saline aquifer system in southwest Scania, Sweden. Four main scenarios are developed, corresponding to different possible interpretations of available site data. Simulation results show that, on the one hand, stratigraphic uncertainty (presence/absence of a thin mudstone/claystone layer above the target storage formation) leads to large differences in predicted CO₂ storage in the target formation at the end of the test (ranging between 11% and 98% of injected CO₂ remaining), whereas other parameter uncertainty (in formation and cap rock permeabilities) has small impact. On the other hand, the latter has large impact on predicted injectivity, on which stratigraphic uncertainty has small impact. Salt precipitation at the border of the target storage formation affects CO₂ injectivity for all considered scenarios and injection rates. At low injection rates, salt is deposited also within the formation, considerably reducing its availability for CO₂ storage.     

The Sensitivity of Northern Groundwater Recharge to Climate Change: A Case Study in Northwest Alaska1

Clilverd, Hannah M., Daniel M. White, Amy C. Tidwell, and Michael A. Rawlins, 2011. The Sensitivity of Northern Groundwater Recharge to Climate Change: A Case Study in Northwest Alaska. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1228–1240. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00569.x Abstract: The potential impacts of climate change on northern groundwater supplies were examined at a fractured‐marble mountain aquifer near Nome, Alaska. Well water surface elevations (WSE) were monitored from 2004‐2009 and analyzed with local meteorological data. Future aquifer response was simulated with the Pan‐Arctic Water Balance Model (PWBM) using forcings (air temperature and precipitation) derived from fifth‐generation European Centre Hamburg Model (ECHAM5) global circulation model climate scenarios for extreme and modest increases in greenhouse gases. We observed changes in WSE due to the onset of spring snowmelt, low intensity and high intensity rainfall events, and aquifer head recession during the winter freeze period. Observed WSE and snow depth compared well with PWBM‐simulated groundwater recharge and snow storage. Using ECHAM5‐simulated increases in mean annual temperature of 4‐8°C by 2099, the PWBM predicted that by 2099 later freeze‐up and earlier snowmelt will decrease seasonal snow cover by one to two months. Annual evapotranspiration and precipitation are predicted to increase 27‐40% (55‐81 mm) and 33‐42% (81‐102 mm), respectively, with the proportion of snowfall in annual precipitation decreasing on average 9‐25% (p < 0.05). The amount of snowmelt is not predicted to change significantly by 2099; however, a decreasing trend is evident from 2060 in the extreme ECHAM5 greenhouse gas scenario. Increases in effective precipitation were predicted to be great enough to sustain sufficient groundwater recharge.     

离柳矿区石炭系薄层灰岩渗透系数空间分布研究

基于矿井涌水量计算及水资源评价需要,首先运用注水试验代替抽水试验,求取了太原组灰岩含水层的渗透系数.根据后期同一含水层井下放水试验资料,利用VISUAL MODFLOW建立了水文地质三维非稳定流数值模型,通过分区拟合调参,获得了含水层各分区的渗透系数.通过对渗透系数及其空间分布规律的对比研究,发现渗透系数随含水层埋深增大而逐渐减小.注水试验比放水试验所得渗透系数值小,前者是后者的35.6％-50.8％.     

WATER USE CONFLICT NEAR MADISON,NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: Nebraska statutes give first preference for use of ground water to domestic purposes, second to agriculture, and third to manufacturing or industrial purposes. Rapid growth in the number of irrigation wells has caused an increasing number of water use conflicts. One such conflict arose from the installation and use of an irrigation well near Madison in Madison County, Nebraska. Pumping from the irrigation well coincided with head declines in nearby domestic wells screened in the same sand and gravel, but appeared unrelated to water level changes in wells screened in a higher saturated sand. A drawdown-recovery test was performed to determine the degree of hydraulic connection between the wells involved. Operation of the irrigation well was determined to be the cause of the head decline in nearby domestic wells screened in the same sand and gravel. Partly as a result of this conflict, legislation recently introduced into the state legislature would require that wells of higher preference be “reasonably” constructed if wells of lower preference are to be held liable for head loss.     

海口市地下水含水层结构三维可视化建模初探

本文在对海口市水文地质条件及钻孔资料分析的基础上,对各钻孔柱状图进行了研究,重新统一了岩性和含水层划分的标准,绘制了反映各含水层空间结构的等值线图,并结合研究区的边界条件、地表地形参数等,在GMS软件平台上实现了海口市地下水系统结构的三维可视化,形象直观地再现了含水系统的空间结构及其空间变化规律,可为海口市地下水资源的管理和利用提供依据。     

垃圾渗滤液污染地下环境物质变化对污染缓冲的影响

通过砂柱模拟实验研究垃圾渗滤液污染地下环境中氧化还原环境和主要组成物质的变化对沉积物的pH缓冲能力和氧化还原能力的影响及其相互关系.结果表明,氧化还原环境的变化对地下环境沉积物的pH缓冲和氧化还原缓冲能力有重要影响,产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带(MGZ/SRZ)、铁还原带(IRZ)、硝酸盐还原带(NRZ)和氧还原带(ORZ)沉积物的pH缓冲容量相对于本底值分别增加了12.4%、 10.8%、 19.8%和11.1%;pH缓冲和氧化还原缓冲之间相互影响、相互促进,它们直接影响着地下环境中污染物的自然衰减作用;沉积物中的铁氧化物、有机质、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+-N等的含量对pH缓冲能力和氧化还原缓冲能力均有不同的影响,整个体系的污染缓冲能力是各组分的综合作用结果.     

莱州湾滨海平原咸水入侵分析与趋势预测——以山东省广饶县为例

文章以鲁北平原山东省广饶县为例,阐述了咸、淡水形成的地质背景、咸淡水变化带形成与演化;分析了大规模开发利用地下水引起的咸水入侵的历史与现状;采用非确定性模型方法对咸水入侵趋势进行了预测,提出了缓解咸水入侵的对策与建议。取得的主要认识和结论为:(1)鲁北平原自山前冲洪积扇向莱州湾滨海平原,地下水水质具有水平和垂直分带特征;(2)20世纪70年代中期大量开采南部地下淡水后,地下淡水水位持续下降,破坏了咸淡水之间的水动力平衡,北部咸水向南入侵,引起淡水咸水、机井报废等一系列环境地质问题;(3)预测结果表明,在不采取调控措施情况下,咸淡水界面以每年平均240m速度向南部推进;(4)人工回灌、营造淡水帷幕并减少淡水区开采量是防止咸水入侵的有效途径。     

人工地下水回灌过程中溶解性有机物的去除及变化

在实验室通过模拟土壤柱研究了人工地下水回灌过程中溶解性有机物的去除及其三卤甲烷生成势和三卤甲烷生成活性的变化.利用XAD树脂将回灌水中的溶解性有机物分为3个部分：疏水性有机酸、过渡亲水性有机酸和亲水性有机物.疏水性有机酸的三卤甲烷生成活性高于过渡亲水性有机酸和亲水性有机物.土壤含水层处理（SAT）对亲水性有机物的去除率为68.51%,对疏水性有机酸和过渡亲水性有机酸的去除率分别为58.64%和41.86%.经SAT系统处理后,溶解性有机物及各有机组分的三卤甲烷生成势减少,而三卤甲烷生成活性升高.疏水性有机酸是生成三卤甲烷的主要有机组分.亲水性有机物在SAT系统进水中的三卤甲烷生成活性较低,但由于含量高,三卤甲烷生成势也较大.而过渡亲水性有机酸由于含量和三卤甲烷生成活性较低,三卤甲烷生成势也较低.     

大庆湖泊湿地水体的补给和水体污染防治

大庆湖泊湿地生态环境十分脆弱性,保证湖泊湿地水体的水量和质量是维系湿地生态系统健康的必要因素,也是大庆湖泊湿地建设和利用关键问题。采用引嫩补水、城区经过处理的生活污水补给和雨水的收集,保证湿地有足够的水量。截断直接排放污水的污染源,实施湖泊湿地水体的连通工程,建成自然或人工湿地污水处理系统,净化湿地水体。在局部形成水的循环系统,从而达到水体污染防治的目的。