Variability in the identification and enumeration of marine benthic invertebrate samples and its effect on benthic assessment measures

Studies designed to measure anthropogenic impacts on marine benthic communities depend on the ability of taxonomists to consistently discriminate, identify, and count benthic organisms. To quantify errors and discrepancies in identification and enumeration, 20 samples were completely reprocessed by another one of four participating laboratories. Errors were detected in 13.0% of the data records, affecting total abundance by 2.1%, numbers of taxa by 3.4%, and identification accuracy by 4.7%. Paired t-tests were used to test for differences in the Benthic Response Index (BRI), total abundance, numbers of taxa, and the Shannon-Wiener index between the original and the reanalysis data. Differences in the BRI were statistically insignificant. Although statistically significant differences were observed for numbers of taxa, total abundance, and the Shannon-Wiener index, the differences were small in comparison to the magnitude of differences typically observed between anthropogenically affected and reference sites.     

Cu改性石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)光催化灭活铜绿微囊藻的效能与机理研究

通过热聚合法制备不同比例Cu掺杂g-C₃N₄复合光催化材料,利用XRD、SEM/EDX、FT-IR、UV-Vis DRS、PL、XPS等技术对复合材料的形貌结构和光学性能进行表征,研究了复合材料对藻细胞的光催化灭活效果.结果表明,Cu掺杂改性可有效促进g-C₃N₄材料表面光生电子-空穴的分离,增强其对可见光的利用率,进而提升其光催化效率;随着Cu掺杂比例的增大,Cu-C₃N₄对藻细胞的灭活效果则越好.进一步研究发现,H₂O₂和·O₂^-是Cu-C₃N₄光催化灭藻过程中起主要作用的活性物质,会损伤藻细胞的形态结构、抗氧化酶系统和光合系统,导致藻细胞大量死亡.     

典型铜镍合金在海洋环境中腐蚀行为与防护技术研究进展

在海洋高湿度、高盐度等复杂的腐蚀环境中,海洋服役材料更容易发生腐蚀。然而铜镍合金由于具有非常优异的耐蚀性、抗菌性,使其在海洋装备中得到非常广泛的应用。选择了两种最为典型的B10(C70600)和B30(C71500)铜镍合金材料,分析了其在海洋环境中的腐蚀行为和腐蚀机理,阐述了国内外B10和B30两种铜镍合金在海洋环境中防护技术的研究现状,最后就两种典型铜镍合金在海洋环境中腐蚀与防护领域未来的研究方向提出了建议,希望在以后的研究中取得突破性进展。     

海洋大气环境下装备材料的腐蚀与防护研究进展

叙述了海洋大气环境下装备典型金属材料的腐蚀与防护研究进展。介绍了高强钢、不锈钢和铝合金等装备材料在高温、高湿、高盐雾和强辐射等海洋大气环境下的腐蚀特征和主要腐蚀形式,总结了海洋大气腐蚀防护技术的研究进展。最后,提出了海洋大气环境下装备防护需从装备选材与结构环境适应性设计、有效表面防护、环境控制、加强维护保养等方面着手,在充分利用现有防腐技术的基础上,加强金属涂/镀层与有机涂层的技术组合;大力开发研制海洋环境下长期有效、绿色环保的表面处理技术和涂层技术;针对铝合金等易腐蚀材料,开展腐蚀结构修复技术研究。采用系统工程方法来解决海洋大气环境中装备的腐蚀问题,进而提高舰载武器、船舶、海岸工程、近海工程等服役装备的安全性、寿命和可靠性。     

A Review of Habitat Connectivity Research for Pacific Salmon in Marine,Estuary, and Freshwater Environments

Long‐term conservation planning for diadromous fishes would benefit from a better understanding of both the role of connectivity among environments and habitat variability in the expression of life‐history diversity. Most of the scientific knowledge on habitat fragmentation and connectivity has been developed in terrestrial systems in the discipline of landscape ecology. Research on habitat connectivity in aquatic systems (e.g., salmonid research that spans the spectrum of habitats from freshwater to the sea) is uncommon and largely focused on barriers to fish passage. Here, we present a review of the literature characterizing current research patterns on habitat connectivity within and among environments for Pacific salmon. We found this topic is still incipient: the literature is dominated by studies of freshwaters, with few articles focusing on habitat needs in estuary and marine systems. Pan‐environment studies are rare, pointing to a gap in our understanding of complex habitat relationships that might be significant in the development of long‐term conservation and restoration plans for Pacific salmon, particularly in light of the potential impact of climate change.     

泽龙湖景观水污染治理及生态修复

为了去除泽龙湖微污染景观水中的氮、磷及有机物等污染成分,采用人工增氧和浮田型生态岛技术对泽龙湖景观水进行了生态修复。结果表明,人工增氧能很好地氧化水中有机物,生态岛水生植物可有效地吸收氮和磷,处理后湖水可达到《地面水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中的Ⅳ类标准。     

海洋工程用新型牺牲阳极设计与性能研究(Ⅰ)——小尺寸阳极静态海水试验研究

目的设计一种新型牺牲阳极,满足海洋工程钢结构阴极保护不同时期保护电流需求,节约牺牲阳极用量。方法通过改变常规阳极面积与质量比,分别设计面积相同和质量相同的新型阳极和常规阳极,并进行静态海水阴极保护对比试验。结果面积与常规阳极相同的新型阳极,在节约质量近50%的基础上,实现了与常规阳极相近的发生电流;质量与常规阳极相同的新型阳极,表面积增加近70%,实现了初期发生电流增加18%,试验阶段发生电流增加14%,被保护钢试样的快速极化。结论通过增加常规阳极面积与质量比,降低接水电阻,增加发生电流的设计思路是可行的。     

脂肪酸类物质的抑藻效应及其构效关系

研究了17种脂肪酸对产毒铜绿微囊藻、蛋白核小球藻以及斜生栅藻的抑制效应,比较了脂肪酸抑藻的构效关系.结果表明,17种脂肪酸单独作用对研究的3种藻均有一定的抑制作用,但对产毒铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用最强.脂肪酸类物质抑藻效应与其化学结构密切相关,脂肪酸不饱和程度越高抑制作用越佳,碳链越短抑藻效果越好,奇数碳脂肪酸的抑藻效果好于偶数碳脂肪酸.多种脂肪酸联合抑藻具有协同抑制作用.     

磁性离子交换树脂对原水中有机物去除效能的研究

采用磁性离子交换树脂(MIEX)预处理原水中有机物的中试试验结果表明,MIEX技术可有效地去除原水中的有机物,对UV254,DOC和CODMn的去除率分别稳定在82%、66%和50%,MIEX预处理可以有效强化混凝沉淀对有机物、藻细胞和浊度的去除.与常规工艺相比,在混凝剂聚合氯化铝投加量降低56%时,该工艺对UV254和CODMn的去除率分别为90%和71%,对藻细胞数和浊度的去除率分别为99%和95%.对溶解性有机物分级和分子量分布的测定表明,MIEX预处理主要去除混凝沉淀无法有效去除的小分子区间的亲水性和疏水性有机物,可以有效控制消毒副产物的产生,MIEX预处理与混凝沉淀联用工艺出水的三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)和卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)比原水降低了88%和87%.     

Economic Growth and Marine Biodiversity: Influence of Human Social Structure on Decline of Marine Trophic Levels

Abstract:  We assessed the effects of economic growth, urbanization, and human population size on marine biodiversity. We used the mean trophic level (MTL) of marine catch as an indicator of marine biodiversity and conducted cross-national time-series analyses (1960–2003) of 102 nations to investigate human social influences on fish catch and trends in MTL. We constructed path models to examine direct and indirect effects relating to marine catch and MTL. Nations' MTLs declined with increased economic growth, increased urbanization, and increased population size, in part because of associated increased catch. These findings contradict the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, which claims that economic modernization will reduce human impact on the environment. To make informed decisions on issues of marine resource management, policy makers, nonprofit entities, and professional societies must recognize the need to include social analyses in overall conservation-research strategies. The challenge is to utilize the socioeconomic and ecological research in the service of a comprehensive marine-conservation movement.