地面装备红外辐射测量不确定度分析研究

目的 分析评价复杂背景环境下地面装备红外辐射成像特性的测量精度.方法 基于红外辐射成像测量与定标原理,全面分析复杂环境下地面目标动态红外辐射成像测量中由设备性能、环境干扰、操作参数设置及相对运动等所引入的8项误差因素.采用校准黑体与被测目标等距离同视场同步标定测量方法,基于试验方法评定各测量不确定度因子,构建地面装备红外辐射表观温度测量不确定度评定模型.结果 在置信概率为95％的条件下,典型地面车辆目标在静态和动态红外辐射表观温度测量不确定度分别为1.54℃和2.60℃.结论 形成的基于红外热像仪的复杂背景环境下地面车辆目标红外辐射成像精确度的表征与评价方法,对于地面装备红外辐射特性精确测量与红外隐身伪装性能准确评估研究具有重要参考意义.     

The levels, sources and reactivity of volatile organic compounds in a typical urban area of Northeast China

Air concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were continually measured at a monitoring site in Shenyang from 20 August to 16 September 2017. The average concentrations of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and carbonyls were 28.54, 6.30, 5.59 and 9.78 ppbv, respectively. Seven sources were identified by the Positive Matrix Factorization model based on the measurement data of VOCs and CO. Vehicle exhaust contributed the most (36.15%) to the total propene-equivalent concentration of the measured VOCs, followed by combustion emission (16.92%), vegetation emission and secondary formation (14.33%), solvent usage (10.59%), petrochemical industry emission (9.89%), petrol evaporation (6.28%), and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage (5.84%). Vehicle exhaust, solvent usage and combustion emission were found to be the top three VOC sources for O₃ formation potential, accounting for 34.52%, 16.55% and 11.94%, respectively. The diurnal variation of the total VOCs from each source could be well explained by their emission characteristics, e.g., the two peaks of VOC concentrations from LPG usage were in line with the cooking times for breakfast and lunch. Wind rose plots of the VOCs from each source could reveal the possible distribution of the sources around the monitoring site. The O₃ pollution episodes during the measurement period were found to be coincident with the elevation of VOCs, which was mainly due to the air parcel from the southeast direction where petrochemical industry emission was found to be dominant, suggesting that the petrochemical industry emission from the southeast was probably a significant cause of O₃ pollution in Shenyang.     

实验室太阳辐射试验中温度测量的分析

按GJB 150.7-1986中稳态长期光化学效应的试验要求,对线缆样件进行了实验室太阳辐射试验。温度测量结果显示,样件的附加温升显著,且内部存在热梯度。     

低粉尘浓度气体中细颗粒物（PM2.5）含量的测量

低粉尘浓度气体中细颗粒物（PM2.5）的测量用称重法和计数法都有困难,文章提出用稀释气体降低含尘浓度后,用激光尘埃计数器测量其中细颗粒物的数量,计算出质量浓度的办法。     

Calculating ecological footprints at the municipal level: what is a reasonable approach for Canada?

No clear ecological footprint calculation strategy is available for small- and mid-sized communities within Canada. By adjusting provincial or national footprint findings using data sets available in the public domain, we develop and test a calculation strategy to estimate municipal ecological footprints. Because the calculation approach is consistent with the Global Footprint Network standardised methodology, it permits meaningful comparisons between communities and with global and national footprint estimates. It offers planners, policy-makers, and community leaders an accessible, straight forward, and cost effective strategy for estimating the ecological footprint at the community and municipal level. The suggested approach is best suited for using the ecological footprint as an awareness and education tool. The large number of limitations associated with calculating the municipal approach and limitations associated with calculating ecological footprints in general at the local level make it an unsuitable tool to inform community planning and policy development.     

Locking of Retractable Type Fall Arresters—Test Method and Stand

Retractable type fall arresters are very effective personal equipment protecting against falls from a height. These devices are used under different atmospheric conditions and in the presence of various types of industrial pollution. For this reason appropriate locking after conditioning simulating extreme conditions of a worksite is one of the essential characteristics of retractable type fall arresters. This article presents the requirements for locking of the devices. A previously used locking test method and its disadvantages are discussed. The article suggests an improved test method and test equipment. Measurement of the test mass acceleration is the most important improvement introduced into the test method. The article shows laboratory tests used to verify the method, which turned out to be a valuable source of information concerning the performance of retractable type fall arresters.     

Slip Resistance of Industrial Floor Surfaces: Development of an Elastomer Suited to In-Situ Measurement

Slips contribute to 12% of occupational accidents. A slip resistant floor is a mean to prevent slipping accidents occurring in workshops. Floor slip resistance is often evaluated by measuring a friction index, proportional to the force opposing slipping of a reference elastomer on the floor surface under test. When implementing a portable appliance, slip resistance measurements carried out on lubricated floors were not stabilized. The authors advanced the hypothesis of oil impregnating the elastomer. A new elastomer suited to in-situ measurement has been developed to achieve stable measuring conditions. This study highlights the fact that the nature and characteristics of a reference elastomer must be specified when slip resistance measurements are carried out.     

同位素稀释质谱法测定IMEP-6水样品中的痕量镉和铅

采用国际公认的具有绝对测量性质的同位素稀释质谱法（ＩＤＭＳ）为国际测量评估计划（ＩＭＥＰ－６）所用比对样品定值，准确测定了该样品中痕量镉和铅，提供的测定值与事后组织者公布的标准值附和较好。     

Using structural equation modeling to investigate relationships among ecological variables

Structural equation modeling is an advanced multivariate statistical process with which a researcher can construct theoretical concepts, test their measurement reliability, hypothesize and test a theory about their relationships, take into account measurement errors, and consider both direct and indirect effects of variables on one another. Latent variables are theoretical concepts that unite phenomena under a single term, e.g., ecosystem health, environmental condition, and pollution (Bollen, 1989). Latent variables are not measured directly but can be expressed in terms of one or more directly measurable variables called indicators. For some researchers, defining, constructing, and examining the validity of latent variables may be the end task of itself. For others, testing hypothesized relationships of latent variables may be of interest. We analyzed the correlation matrix of eleven environmental variables from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program for Estuaries (EMAP-E) using methods of structural equation modeling. We hypothesized and tested a conceptual model to characterize the interdependencies between four latent variables-sediment contamination, natural variability, biodiversity, and growth potential. In particular, we were interested in measuring the direct, indirect, and total effects of sediment contamination and natural variability on biodiversity and growth potential. The model fit the data well and accounted for 81% of the variability in biodiversity and 69% of the variability in growth potential. It revealed a positive total effect of natural variability on growth potential that otherwise would have been judged negative had we not considered indirect effects. That is, natural variability had a negative direct effect on growth potential of magnitude –0.3251 and a positive indirect effect mediated through biodiversity of magnitude 0.4509, yielding a net positive total effect of 0.1258. Natural variability had a positive direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.5347 and a negative indirect effect mediated through growth potential of magnitude –0.1105 yielding a positive total effects of magnitude 0.4242. Sediment contamination had a negative direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude –0.1956 and a negative indirect effect on growth potential via biodiversity of magnitude –0.067. Biodiversity had a positive effect on growth potential of magnitude 0.8432, and growth potential had a positive effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.3398. The correlation between biodiversity and growth potential was estimated at 0.7658 and that between sediment contamination and natural variability at –0.3769.     

土壤中总汞的不同测定方法对比分析研究

对土壤中总汞的两种不同测定方法进行了对比分析.通过方法检出限、精密度、准确度和加标回收率的对比,结果表明,水浴消解-原子荧光光谱法检出限为2.1 ng/g,精密度为2.52～4.63％,加标回收率介于94％～ 104％;汞分析仪直接测定法检出限为0.08 ng/g,精密度为2.89～ 5.61％,加标回收率介于90％～102％.相比水浴消解-原子荧光法,直接测定法操作更加简单、便捷,而且无繁琐的前处理环节,适于大批量土壤中总汞的分析测定,是一个比较理想的分析方法.