应用相平衡分配法建立湘江衡阳段沉积物重金属质量基准

采集湘江衡阳段29个站点的表层沉积物样品,测定沉积物中4种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd)含量及赋存形态、以及孔隙水中重金属含量,根据相平衡分配法的基本理论,考虑参与沉积物-水相平衡分配的重金属组成,实测法计算重金属的沉积物-水相平衡分配系数(Kp),分别引用美国EPA制定保护水生生物不受重金属慢性毒性影响的基本连续浓度(CCC)和我国地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)Ⅰ类水质标准,建立两种湘江衡阳段沉积物重金属质量基准(SQC)进行对比分析,其中基于美国CCC建立的湘江衡阳段沉积物重金属质量基准与国内外研究成果相比可比性较好,4种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd)的SQC值分别为64.62、55.57、1 360.40和2.34μg.g-1,此SQC具有保护长期生活于沉积物中的底栖生物不受重金属慢性毒性影响的意义.通过单因子评价法将湘江衡阳段沉积物中重金属总量与沉积物质量基准值(SQC)进行比较,结果表明,湘江衡阳段沉积物中Cd和Pb含量水平对底栖生物具有较大的慢性毒性影响,Cd污染不容忽视.     

微生物对砷的氧化还原竞争

滤池被广泛运用于饮用水厂中,前期研究发现某水厂生物滤池处理含砷地下水时,一方面三价砷可被生物氧化锰氧化为五价砷,另一方面滤池系统中存在的微生物砷还原酶可促使五价砷还原为三价砷,而滤池表面存在的这种微生物竞争关系会影响滤池的稳定性及处理效率.为探讨其内在机制,本研究选取1株锰氧化模式菌(Pseudomonas sp.QJX-1)和1株砷还原模式菌(Brevibacterium sp.LSJ-9),考察在Mn2+、As(As3+、As5+)共存时,两菌株对空间、营养物质以及对砷氧化/还原的竞争关系.结果表明,不同的反应时间,Mn、As质量浓度/价态不同,三价及五价砷体系中,Pseudomonas sp.QJX-1生成的锰氧化物在砷的氧化还原反应中占主导地位,即能迅速氧化本身存在的As3+(三价砷体系)和砷还原菌产生的As3+(五价砷体系),最终两体系中砷都主要以As5+的形式存在.PCR及RT-PCR结果表明,反应过程中锰氧化菌功能基因(cum A)抑制了砷还原酶(ars C)的表达,锰氧化菌16S rRNA表达量始终比砷还原菌高两个数量级,即锰氧化菌在生长竞争过程中占优势.实验结果表明滤池的水力停留时间是决定出水中砷价态的一个重要因素.     

1株海洋异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

以海水为基质,采用传统的微生物分离纯化方法,从海底沉积物中分离筛选得到1株耐盐异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌y5,经形态、生理生化特性以及16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定该菌为克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.).对其脱氮特性及影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,菌株y5的最佳碳源为柠檬酸三钠,最适p H值为7.0,最适C/N为17.菌株均能以NH4Cl、Na NO2和KNO3为唯一氮源进行反应,36 h的去除率分别为77.07%、64.14%和100%.3种氮源共存时,36 h的去除率达到100%.表明菌株y5在高盐废水中具有独立高效的异养硝化和好氧反硝化作用.     

北京市典型餐饮企业油烟中醛酮类化合物污染特征

醛酮类化合物作为餐饮油烟的组成物质之一,是挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)中化学反应活性较强的一类物质.但目前国内还没有针对餐饮源醛酮类化合物的排放特征进行较为系统的研究.为进一步明确餐饮源醛酮类化合物排放水平和控制现状,获取城市群餐饮源VOCs排放控制决策依据,本研究选取北京市8家不同类型的餐饮企业,采用涂布2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)的硅胶采样管进行油烟样品采集,用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)对油烟样品中的醛酮类化合物进行测定.结果表明按基准风量折算后,8家餐饮企业排放的油烟中醛酮类化合物浓度高低依次是:烤鸭中式烧烤家常菜西式快餐学校食堂中式快餐川菜淮扬菜.餐饮企业油烟中醛酮类化合物(C1~C9)浓度水平范围为115.47~1 035.99μg·m-3.不同类型餐饮企业油烟中醛酮类化合物组分构成存在较为明显的差异,中式餐饮企业醛酮类化合物C1~C3物质所占比例均在40%以上.快餐类餐饮企业醛酮类化合物C4~C9所占比例明显高于其他类型餐饮企业.从醛酮类化合物控制现状来看,北京市目前主流高压静电式油烟净化器对醛酮类化合物的去除效果十分有限.     

塔里木河上游典型绿洲土壤酶活性与环境因子相关分析

土壤酶能反映土壤生物化学过程的强度与方向,深入解析土壤酶活性与环境因子的相关性,有助于探索土壤生态过程,为开展土壤系统的科学调控提供科学依据.以塔里木河上游阿拉尔垦区为研究区,选择新开棉田、10 a棉田、30 a棉田、果园、人工林、天然林、荒草地、盐碱地及沙地等不同土地利用类型为研究对象,运用经典统计学分析绿洲土壤酶活性及环境因子的分异规律,并结合冗余分析技术研究土壤酶活性与环境因子相关关系.经典统计学分析显示,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均值分别为4.27 m L·g-1、0.34 mg·g-1、2.08 m L·g-1、0.08 mg·g-1.冗余分析结果表明:全氮、有机质、有效磷、土壤含水量、全盐与土壤酶活性呈极显著相关性(P0.01);土壤容重与土壤酶活性表现为显著相关性;其他环境因子与土壤酶活性的相关性均不显著(P0.05).环境因子与土壤酶活性相关性大小排序为全氮有机质有效磷土壤含水量全盐容重速效钾p H.     

新乡市地表水体HCHs和DDTs的分布特征及生态风险评价

为了解新乡市地表水中HCHs和DDTs的分布特征及生态风险,采集新乡市18个地表水样并测定其中HCHs和DDTs的含量,采用概率密度函数重叠面积法和安全阈值法评价了HCHs和DDTs的生态风险.结果表明,新乡市地表水中HCHs和DDTs的质量浓度范围分别为1.28~49.2 ng·L-1和0.42~12.3 ng·L-1,与世界各地的地表水中HCHs和DDTs残留质量浓度相比属于中等污染水平.异构体比值表明HCHs污染的主要来源是林丹的使用,而DDTs的残留来源于工业品DDTs的使用.生态风险评价基于DDD、γ-HCHs和p,p'-DDT的暴露浓度以及相应的毒性数据,概率密度函数重叠面积法和安全阈值法均表明了这3种有机氯农药中DDD的风险最大,其次是γ-HCHs,p,p'-DDT的生态风险最小;安全阈值法进一步表明DDD、γ-HCHs和p,p'-DDT超过影响10%水生生物的概率分别为10.2%、5.94%和0.01%.     

制革废水和印染废水的综合毒性评估及鉴别

研究采用成组生物毒性试验(发光菌急性毒性、斑马鱼幼鱼急性毒性,斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性和小球藻急性毒性),结合理化指标,通过毒性单位、平均毒性(average toxicity,Av Tx)、毒性指数(toxic print,Tx Pr)、最敏感的测试(most sensitive test,MST)和潜在毒性效应指数(potential ecotoxic effects probe,PEEP)对不同工艺阶段印染及制革废水进行毒性削减评估.结果表明PEEP能兼顾废水排放量与毒性效应,更为客观地表征了废水综合毒性,PEEP评价结果显示制革废水和印染废水的毒性削减率分别达到36.8%和23.2%.最后,以发光菌作为受试生物,采用毒性鉴别评估(toxicity identification evaluation,TIE)技术,对印染废水进行毒性鉴别.结果表明,印染废水中主要的致毒物质为非极性有机污染,其次为可滤性化合物,然后是重金属、氧化性物质以及挥发性物质.     

Removal of perfluorinated surfactants from wastewater by adsorption and ion exchange——Influence of material properties,sorption mechanism and modeling

Perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) has attracted increasing concern in recent years due to its world-wide distribution, persistence, bioaccumulation and potential toxicity. The influence of sorbent properties on the adsorptive elimination of PFOS from wastewater by activated carbons, polymer adsorbents and anion exchange resins was investigated with regard to their isotherms and kinetics. The batch and column tests were combined with physicochemical characterization methods, e.g., N_2 physisorption, mercury porosimetry, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, titrations, as well as modeling. Sorption kinetics was successfully modelled applying the linear driving force(LDF) approach for surface diffusion after introducing a load dependency of the mass transfer coefficient βs.The big difference in the initial mass transfer coefficient βs,0, when non-functionalized adsorbents and ion-exchange resins are compared, suggests that the presence of functional groups impedes the intraparticle mass transport. The more functional groups a resin possesses and the longer the alkyl moieties are the bigger is the decrease in sorption rate.But the selectivity for PFOS sorption is increasing when the character of the functional groups becomes more hydrophobic. Accordingly, ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction were found to be involved in the sorption processes on resins, while PFOS is only physisorptively bound to activated carbons and polymer adsorbents. In agreement with the different adsorption mechanisms, resins possess higher total sorption capacities than adsorbents. Hence, the latter ones are rendered more effective in PFOS elimination at concentrations in the low μg/L range, due to a less pronounced convex curvature of the sorption isotherm in this concentration range.     

Quantum chemical investigation on photodegradation mechanisms of sulfamethoxypyridazine with dissolved inorganic matter and hydroxyl radical

Sulfamethoxypyridazine(SMP) is one of the commonly used sulfonamide antibiotics(SAs).SAs are mainly studied to undergo triplet-sensitized photodegradation in water under natural sunlight with other coexisting aquatic environmental organic pollutants.In this work,SMP was selected as a representative of SAs.We studied the mechanisms of triplet-sensitized photodegradation of SMP and the influence of selected dissolved inorganic matter,i.e.,anions(Br~-,Cl~-,and NO~-_3) and cations ions(Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),and Zn~(2+)) on SMP photodegradation mechanism by quantum chemical methods.In addition,the degradation mechanisms of SMP by hydroxyl radical(OH·) were also investigated.The creation of SO_2 extrusion product was accessed with two different energy pathways(pathway-1 and pathway-2) by following two steps(step-I and step-II) in the tripletsensitized photodegradation of SMP.Due to low activation energy,the pathway-1 was considered as the main pathway to obtain SO_2 extrusion product.Step-II of pathway-1 was measured to be the rate-limiting step(RLS) of SMP photodegradation mechanism and the effect of the selected anions and cations was estimated for this step.All selected anions and cations promoted photodegradation of SMP by dropping the activation energy of pathway-1.The estimated low activation energies of different degradation pathways of SMP with OH·radical indicate that OH·radical is a very powerful oxidizing agent for SMP degradation via attack through benzene derivative and pyridazine derivative ring.     

亚硝氮停供及恢复供给对Anammox反应器中氮去除的影响

在Anammox-UASB反应器中研究了亚硝氮停供及恢复供给后不同进水亚硝氮/氨氮比(R_I)对Anammox系统脱氮的影响,对Anammox系统停供亚硝氮培养后的污泥微生物群落进行了分析.结果表明,Anammox反应器在长期停供亚硝氮培养后,微生物多样性增加,氨氧化菌(Nitrosomonas)和Anammox菌都大量增殖,这两种微生物通过协同作用使得部分氨氮得以去除,NH_4~+-N最大去除速率可达68.77 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),出水p H低于进水.反应器恢复亚硝氮供给后,脱氮效果快速恢复.Anammox反应器中存在的氨氮"超量去除"现象是由氨氧化菌作用引起的,氨氧化菌活性易受亚硝氮浓度抑制.氨氮"超量去除"量占氨氮总去除量的百分比与R_I呈负相关关系.当R_I为0.17时,氨氮"超量去除"量占氨氮总去除量的百分比高达68.83%;当R_I增加到1.30∶1后,氨氮"超量去除"现象基本消失.