小尺度精细化大气污染源排放清单的建立——以上海宝山区为例

工业密集区域具有复杂的排放特征,是目前排放清单建立的难点之一.以上海市宝山区为研究区域,采用自下而上的方式建立了工业密集区域的精细化大气污染物排放清单.通过整合多套现有的污染源数据库,对排放量估算进行质量控制,提高各污染物排放量估算的准确性;运用现场勘查和GPS定位对排放口进行定位,以弥补数据库中定位数据的缺失,并提高排放口定位数据的精确度.结果表明:工业区污染排放特征不同于一般区域,建议在小尺度排放清单的研制中需要特别关注.同时探索了在小尺度区域建立精细化污染源排放清单的可行性以及可能存在的问题,将为大尺度排放清单的建立提供有益的参考.     

天津污灌区内气态汞的污染特征及在叶菜类蔬菜中的富集

污灌区土壤相当于一个巨大的汞(Hg)源向水体和大气释放汞,挥发的气态汞可以通过植物叶片的气孔进入植物体内,严重威胁着当地农产品安全及人类健康.天津污灌区是汞污染的重灾区之一,本研究选取天津污灌区内某稻田(污灌约30a)、菜田(污灌约15 a)和污灌区边缘某草地(无污灌史,对照)作为监测地点,以5种常见叶菜(菠菜、苋菜、油菜、生菜、韭菜)作为生物监测实验对象,考察污灌区内产地土壤、大气汞的浓度及其在叶菜中的富集特征.结果表明:1经过长期污灌,稻田和菜田土壤汞含量已显著高于区域土壤汞背景含量和土壤环境质量标准一级标准,但未超过二级.对照草地土壤汞含量在背景含量与一级标准之间.稻田和菜地大气环境已受到较为严重的汞污染,气态总汞均值分别为71.3 ng·m-3和39.2ng·m-3,远高于北半球大气总汞含量的背景水平(1.5~2.0 ng·m-3),对照草地总汞含量平均为9.4 ng·m-3.2叶菜汞含量与污灌区气态汞含量对数之间呈现极显著的线性关系,5种叶菜对污灌区气态汞的敏感程度依次为菠菜>苋菜>韭菜>油菜>生菜.菠菜和苋菜Hg含量的中位值及平均值均超出食品卫生限量标准,其中菠菜的中位值及均值在20μg·kg-1以上,其余3种叶菜中位值及均值在限量值标准以下.3污灌区内叶菜Hg来源主要通过叶片吸收气态汞进入植株体内,而非颗粒态汞.研究表明在污灌地区种植叶菜,不仅需要考虑土壤污染的因素,也需要考虑气态汞暴露的风险.     

三峡库区消落带3种植物淹水后汞的动态变化及其对水体的影响

被淹没的植物是水库甲基汞异常升高的来源之一.为探寻淹水条件下三峡水库消落带植物中汞的动态变化特征及其对水体的影响,通过室内模拟试验,研究淹水条件下稗草、狗牙根、玉米秸秆中汞含量变化及其向水体释汞情况.结果表明,3种植物总汞含量范围为9.21~12.07 ng·g-1,甲基汞占总汞的质量分数约为1%~2%.淹水后,植物总汞含量逐渐降低,其降幅为35.81%~55.96%;而上覆水溶解态汞(DHg)浓度迅速上升,增幅为103.23%~232.15%,说明植物腐烂分解会向水体释放汞.淹水环境为植物体组织内甲基化提供了充裕条件,导致植物残体甲基汞含量升高,为初始含量的3.04~6.63倍,而上覆水溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)浓度也显著升高,为初始浓度的14.84~16.05倍.淹水期间,上覆水中DMe Hg与溶解氧(DO)浓度表现为极显著负相关,与可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度存在显著正相关.而在整个淹水过程中,上覆水DHg浓度变化量为植物总汞释放量的41.74%~47.01%,且各植物残体总汞含量与上覆水DHg浓度存在极显著负相关.     

铅锌矿区蜈蚣草内生放线菌的多样性及群落结构

为了认识重金属累积对植物内生菌的影响,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)技术及序列分析对四川汉源铅锌矿区蜈蚣草内生放线菌的多样性进行了研究,并分析了内生放线菌多样性与Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd等主要重金属之间的相互关系.结果表明,蜈蚣草不同部分内生放线菌的群落结构和多样性存在一定的差异,多样性指数在2.79~3.29之间,与其他非重金属污染环境植物内生放线菌的多样性指数相似,说明在重金属污染地区仍然存在较为多样的内生放线菌类群.相关分析表明,蜈蚣草内生放线菌多样性指数与Cu、Cd和Pb的含量之间存在显著负相关.DGGE条带序列系统发育显示,链霉菌(Streptomyces)、假诺卡氏菌(Pseudonocardia)、小单孢菌(Micromonospora)、Xianggella为蜈蚣草内生放线菌优势类群,拟诺卡氏菌(Nocardiopsis)、小双孢菌(Microbispora)、马杜拉放线菌(Actinomadura)、弗兰克氏菌(Frankia)以及一些未培养放线菌也在蜈蚣草中存在.研究表明铅锌矿区蜈蚣草内生放线菌存在丰富的多样性,重金属的累积影响了内生放线菌的分布.     

深圳近岸海域全氟化合物的污染特征

为探究深圳近岸海域全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)的污染特征,2013年9月采集了深圳近岸(离岸﹥2km)10份表层海水和7份表层沉积物.采用固相萃取分离、富集,结合高效液相色谱-质谱联用的方法测定了其中16种PFCs的含量.结果表明,表层海水中有10种PFCs不同程度地检出,包括C4、C6和C8全氟磺酸盐(perfluorinated sulfonates,PFSAs)和C5~C11全氟羧酸(perfluorinated carboxylic acids,PFCAs).ΣPFCs质量浓度范围在1.74~14.7 ng·L-1之间,其中PFBS、PFOS和PFOA是主要的PFCs.ΣPFCs质量浓度分布呈西高东低的态势,伶仃洋和深圳湾ΣPFCs质量浓度显著高于大亚湾和大鹏湾(P0.05),距岸越远ΣPFCs质量浓度越低.表层海水中PFCs可能主要来自于近岸污水的排放以及河流入海的输入.表层沉积物中有8种PFCs不同程度地检出,包括C6和C8PFSAs和C5,C6,C8~C11PFCAs.ΣPFCs含量范围在2.22~2.62μg·kg-1之间,其中PFOS是主要的PFCs.ΣPFCs含量变化很小,可能主要来自对上覆海水中PFCs的吸附.沉积物吸附PFCs的能力随碳链长度增加而增强,且相同碳链长度的情况下,PFSAs较PFCAs更易于被吸附.此外,不同近岸海域PFCs质量浓度比较结果表明,深圳近岸海域表层海水PFBS污染较为严重,而沉积物PFOS含量与其他海域相差不大.     

Channel and Perennial Flow Initiation in Headwater Streams: Management Implications of Variability in Source-Area Size

Despite increasing attention to management of headwater streams as sources of water, sediment, and wood to downstream rivers, the extent of headwater channels and perennial flow remain poorly known and inaccurately depicted on topographic maps and in digital hydrographic data. This study reports field mapping of channel head and perennial flow initiation locations in forested landscapes underlain by sandstone and basalt lithologies in Washington State, USA. Contributing source areas were delineated for each feature using a digital elevation model (DEM) as well as a Global Positioning System device in the field. Systematic source area–slope relationships described in other landscapes were not evident for channel heads in either lithology. In addition, substantial variability in DEM-derived source area sizes relative to field-delineated source areas indicates that in this area, identification of an area–slope relationship, should one even exist, would be difficult. However, channel heads and stream heads, here defined as the start of perennial flow, appear to be co-located within both of the lithologies, which together with lateral expansion and contraction of surface water around channel heads on a seasonal cycle in the basalt lithology, suggest a controlling influence of bedrock springs for that location. While management strategies for determining locations of channel heads and perennial flow initiation in comparable areas could assign standard source area sizes based on limited field data collection within that landscape, field-mapped source areas that support perennial flow are much smaller than recognized by current Washington State regulations.     

Visitor Perceptions and the Shifting Social Carrying Capacity of South Sinai’s Coral Reefs

To investigate how the perceptions and behaviour of visitors to coral reefs are influenced by their prior experience and knowledge of marine life, a questionnaire-based study was undertaken at sites in the Ras Mohammed National Park and at Sharm El Sheikh, South Sinai, Egypt. It was evident that over the 10–20 years during which these reefs have deteriorated (mainly due to reef-flat trampling), there have been interrelated shifts in the nature of visitors making use of them. First, there has been a shift from experienced divers and snorkellers to inexperienced snorkellers and non-snorkellers with a poorer knowledge of reef biology. Second, there has been a shift in the predominant nationalities of visitors, from German and British, through Italian, to Russian. More recent user groups both stated and showed that they had less experience of snorkelling; they also showed less knowledge of marine life and less interest in learning about it. Visitor perceptions of both the state of the marine life on the reefs and the acceptability of current visitor numbers also varied between groups. More recent visitor groups and visitors with less knowledge were more satisfied with reef health. In general, however, visitor perceptions of reef health did not correlate well with actual reef conditions, probably because more experienced visitors preferred less impacted sites with which they were nevertheless less satisfied than inexperienced visitors at heavily impacted sites. More recent visitor groups were also less bothered by crowding on the shore or in the water. Consequently, the apparent “social carrying capacity” of sites seems to be increasing to a level well above the likely “ecological carrying capacity”.     

Landfill leachate production, quality and recirculation treatment in northeast China

Introduction Landfill is still the m ost com m on w ay to treat m ore and m ore m unicipal solid w aste (M SW ) in all over the w orld, especially in C hina (Feng and C hen, 2000). H ow ever, the leachate produced from landfill is very com plicated and va…     

纳污海域水环境容量计算与总量分配方法研究——以钦州湾为例

经过比较,明确了选用多源线性迭加的方法来计算纳污海域环境容量更加便利和有效,确定了纳污海域水环境容量计算中的几个重要条件,在对“背景浓度”的处理上引入了最大日均值的概念,使得计算结果更加安全可靠。在此基础上,以广西钦州湾为例,用多元线性迭加法计算出纳污海域两个规划排污口联合排放的无机氮、COD、石油类的最大允许排放量。优化了污染物排放方法,为钦州湾污染物排放提供了科学依据。     

The social and spatial distribution of temperature-related health impacts from urban heat island reduction policies

Cities are developing innovative strategies to combat climate change but there remains little knowledge of the winners and losers from climate-adaptive land use planning and design. We examine the distribution of health benefits associated with land use policies designed to increase vegetation and surface reflectivity in three US metropolitan areas: Atlanta, GA, Philadelphia, PA, and Phoenix, AZ. Projections of population and land cover at the census tract scale were combined with climate models for the year 2050 at 4 km × 4 km resolution to produce future summer temperatures which were input into a comparative risk assessment framework for the temperature-mortality relationship. The findings suggest disparities in the effectiveness of urban heat management strategies by age, income, and race. We conclude that, to be most protective of human health, urban heat management must prioritize areas of greatest population vulnerability.