The Spatial and Temporal Variation of Measured Urban PM10 and PM2.5 in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area

We have studied particulate matter (PM) concentrations,PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, measured in an urban air qualitymonitoring network in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area during1997–1999. The data includes PM₁₀ concentrationsmeasured at five locations (two urban traffic, one suburbantraffic, one urban background and one regional backgroundsite) and PM_2.5 concentrations measured at twolocations (urban traffic and urban background sites). Theconcentrations of PM₁₀ show a clear diurnal variation,as well as a spatial variation within the area. Bycontrast, both the spatial and temporal variation of thePM_2.5 concentrations was moderate. We have analysedthe evolution of urban PM concentrations in terms of therelevant meteorological parameters in the course of oneselected peak pollution episode during 21–31 March, 1998.The meteorological variables considered included wind speedand direction, ambient temperature, precipitation, relativehumidity, atmospheric pressure at the ground level,atmospheric stability and mixing height. The elevated PMconcentrations during the 1998 March episode were clearlyrelated to conditions of high atmospheric pressure,relatively low ambient temperatures and low wind speeds inpredominantly stable atmospheric conditions. The resultsprovide indirect evidence indicating that the PM₁₀concentrations originate mainly from local vehiculartraffic (direct emissions and resuspension), while thePM_2.5 concentrations are mostly of regionally andlong-range transported origin.     

洞庭湖区水文气象灾害及其对渔业生产的影响

本文通过大量而系统的资料,阐述了越来越严重的水文气象灾害,导致洞庭湖湖面萎缩、湖容减小、洪涝频仍、气温年差增大,湖泊效应衰退,使鱼类生态系统受到破坏。并针对上述情况提出了防治对策。     

TREE-RING RECONSTRUCTION OF UPPER GILA RWER DISCHARGE1

ABSTRACT: Effective planning for use of water resources requires accurate information on hydrologic variability induced by climatic fluctuations. Tree-ring analysis is one method of extending our knowledge of hydrologic variability beyond the relatively short period covered by gaged streamflow records. In this paper, a network of recently developed tree-ring chronologies is used to reconstruct annual river discharge in the upper Gila River drainage in southeastern Arizona and southwestern Arizona since A.D. 1663. The need for data on hydrologic variability for this semi-arid basin is accentuated because water supply is inadequate to meet current demand. A reconstruction based on multiple linear regression (R²=0.66) indicates that 20th century is unusual for clustering of high-discharge years (early 1900s), severity of multiyear drought (1950s), and amplification of low-frequency discharge variations. Periods of low discharge recur at irregular intervals averaging about 20 years. Comparison with other tree-ring reconstructions shows that these low-flow periods are synchronous from the Gila Basin to the southern part of the Upper Colorado River Basin.     

THE TREE-RING RECORD OF SEVERE SUSTAINED DROUGHT1

ABSTRACT: Frequent and persistent droughts exacerbate the problems caused by the inherent scarcity of water in the semiarid to arid parts of the southwestern United States. The occurrence of drought is driven by climatic variability, which for years before about the beginning of the 20th century in the Southwest must be inferred from proxy records. As part of a multidisciplinary study of the potential hydrologic impact of severe sustained drought on the Colorado River, the physical basis and limitations of tree rings as indicators of severe sustained drought are reviewed, and tree-ring data are analyzed to delineate a “worst-case” drought scenario for the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). Runs analysis of a 121-site tree-ring network, 1600–1962, identifies a four-year drought in the 1660s as the longest-duration large-scale drought in the Southwest in the recent tree-ring record. Longer tree-ring records suggest a much longer and more severe drought in 1579–1598. The regression estimate of the mean annual Colorado River flow for this period is 10.95 million acre-feet, or 81 percent of the long-term mean. The estimated flows for the 1500s should be used with caution in impact studies because sample size is small and some reconstructed values are extrapolations.     

海洋大气环境对航天发射场建设影响与对策研究

与内陆地区相比,热带海洋大气环境地区的气候类型、气象条件,有着诸多不同之处,对航天发射场场址的选择、建设和测试发射,具有十分重要的影响。旨在通过对热带海洋大气环境特点和对航天发射场影响的分析,对沿海发射场场址选择、建设和测试发射工作,探讨性地提出解决的有关思路和对策。     

北京大气颗粒物污染的区域性本质

颗粒物是北京的首要大气污染物,2006年PM10年均浓度超标60%以上.本研究基于颗粒物质量浓度在线监测和逐日TSP的采样分析,结合地面天气形势,论述了北京大气颗粒物污染的区域性特征.首先,北京大气颗粒物污染过程的形成由以冷锋过境为明显标志的周期性的天气系统决定,天气系统的活动尺度决定了颗粒物污染的区域性.其次,从PM2.5/PM10和Pb/Al比值的变化判别出颗粒物污染过程中随着颗粒物浓度的升高,细颗粒物呈现富集趋势;细颗粒物的富集由粗颗粒物的去除和超细颗粒物的生成(核化过程)、以及二次颗粒物的生成所致;污染过程中颗粒物的老化以及化学组成(Pb/Al)的大幅度变化共同表明了北京大气颗粒物来源的区域性本质.     

深圳市空气污染分区预报思路的建立

基于本市2005—2010年各区API日资料和污染日逐时资料、逐日气象要素资料、物理量因子,在对全市污染时空分布特征和各影响因素细致分析的基础上,运用典型天气形势和典型要素判定方法,在此基础上,进行气象要素的偏最小二乘回归提炼主要因子,建立污染天气预报思路,运用2011年重污染目的资料进行检验,结果表明：该种三级判定的方法预测污染小概率事件,吻合较好,为空气污染客观预报和高污染预警系统的建立提供依据。     

北京市城市街区PM10浓度日变化特征及其影响因子

为了解北京城市街区PM10浓度日变化特征及其影响因素,利用2003年10月BECAPEX(Beijing City Air Pollution Experiment)街道、街区及周边小区4个测点PM10浓度的对比观测试验资料和同期街道机动车流量、采样点附近自动气象站风速及探空资料进行了综合对比分析.通过天气诊断和统计学分析相结合,初步分析了北京市城区街道大气污染物PM10浓度日变化特征及机动车排放污染、气象条件对PM10浓度日变化的影响.结果表明,试验期间北京市城区街道PM10浓度日变化特征存在明显差异,交通源污染物PM10浓度日变化具有单峰与双峰型差异的特殊性.工作日PM10浓度日变化出现双峰,周末PM10浓度日变化仅有单峰出现; 交通污染源和气象条件对城市街区PM10浓度日变化特征的影响程度存在空间差异.离交通污染源较近的街区PM10浓度日变化受机动车排放污染的影响程度较大,而离交通源较远的小区PM10浓度受机动车排放污染的影响相对较小; 不稳定天气条件下交通污染源影响范围较小,在特定天气条件下,气象条件的影响强度可显著超过交通污染源的影响.     

LAND SURFACE PARAMETERIZATIONS OF GCMs AND MACROSCALE HYDROLOGICAL MODELS1

ABSTRACT: Climatic variation and the possibility of anthropogenically-caused climatic change have emphasized the need for global hydrological cycle models able to simulate the impacts of climate on the atmosphere, continents and oceans. To date, global atmospheric and oceanic models have been developed but, to the best of the author's knowledge, there are no continental hydrological models. Instead, hydrological models continue to develop at the catchment scale and the land phase component of the global hydrologic cycle is modeled as parameterizations within atmospheric models. The author argues that this is not the best solution; that the present land surface components of atmospheric models do not accurately model land phase hydrology and that, instead, atmospheric and oceanic models should be linked to continental-scale hydrological models to form a true model of the global hydrological cycle.     

PREDICTION OF MEAN ANNUAL FLOWS IN NORTH AND CENTRAL FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: A frequency analysis approach for the prediction of flow characteristics at ungaged locations is applied to a region of high annual precipitation and low topography in north and central Florida. Stationary time series of annual flows are fitted with the lognormal distribution and estimated parameters of the distribution are fitted by third order trend surfaces. These explain 65 and 74 percent of the observed variances in the mean and standard deviation, respectively. Predictions of parameters are then made for several locations previously unused in the study and they are used to estimate the return periods of various flows from the lognormal distribution. Application of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test suggests that only one of the five test stations can be considered significantly different from the observed data, confirming the applicability of this technique.