大鹏湾表层沉积物中碳、氮、磷的多年调查结果和有机质来源分析

依据1998—2006年18个航次13个站的调查资料,简要描述和分析了大鹏湾表层沉积物中包括碳、氮、磷的多项生物地球化学要素多年的平均空间分布和年际变化,并依据TOC/TN原子比探讨沉积物中有机质的来源.结果表明,大鹏湾的水动力条件对沉积物中各生物地球化学要素的分布变化影响不大,TOC、TN和TP含量分别为(17600±4600) mg·kg^-1、(1738±446) mg·kg^-1和(562±89) mg·kg^-1,比珠江口和大亚湾高.9年调查期间,TOC、TC、TN和TP含量的年际变化趋势都是上升的,表明随着周边地区经济的迅速发展和人口的不断增加,产生的大量有机质通过小河流和地表径流排放入海,使大鹏湾中沉积物的环境逐渐恶化.TOC/TN原子比为12.4±2.5,介于海洋浮游生物源和陆生高等植物源之间,反映了大鹏湾表层沉积物中有机质是陆源和水生2种来源的混合输入.TOC/TN原子比呈逐年上升趋势,表明大鹏湾接受陆源有机质与水生有机质的比例逐渐增加.     

大气中挥发性有机物在线监测系统

一种新型的监测大气中挥发性有机物（包括含氧挥发性有机物）的在线监测系统被研制,即将超低温冷阱捕集-热解析装置与气相色谱-质谱仪联用.其分析方法是大气样品经除水、除O3后以60 mL·min-1的流速通过温度为-150℃的超低温冷阱捕集5min,然后样品在110℃下解析后进入GC-FID/MS系统进行分析,时间分辨率为1h.系统使用混和标气进行标定.目标化合物定量曲线的R2值为0.9137~0.9998,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%.将系统与相关商业化的VOC在线监测仪器进行比对,对于相同目标化合物进行分析,其相关系数r在0.7412~0.9620之间.     

气相色谱／质谱（GC／MS）联用在我国大气有机污染监测中的应用

概述ＧＣ／ＭＳ联用在我国大气有机污染监测中的应用，介绍大气中有机污染物，如多环芳烃、硝基多环芳烃、多氯二苯并二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃、碳氢化合物、苯系物、恶臭、有机硫化合物、多组分有机污染物的测定。     

Baseline levels of PCDD/Fs in soil and herbage samples collected in the vicinity of a new hazardous waste incinerator in Catalonia,Spain

The construction in Constantí (Catalonia, Spain) of a new hazardous waste incinerator (HWI), which is the first one in Spain, finished in 1999. In order to determine the temporal variation (1996–1998) in the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the vicinity of the new HWI, 40 soil and 40 herbage samples were collected (1998) at the same sampling points in which samples had been taken two years before (1996). Each sample was analyzed for PCDDs and PCDFs by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. In the 1996 survey, PCDD/F concentrations in soils ranged from 0.13 to 24.20 ng I-TEQ/kg (d.m.), with median and mean values of 0.67 and 1.68 ng I-TEQ/kg (d.m.), respectively. In the present study, PCDD/F concentrations ranged from 0.12 to 17.20 ng I-TEQ/kg (d.m.), with a median value of 0.75 ng I-TEQ/kg (d.m.) and a mean value of 1.59 ng I-TEQ/kg (d.m.). In turn, in the present study PCDD/F concentrations in vegetation ranged from 0.14 to 2.01 ng I-TEQ/kg (d.m.) (median and mean values: 0.23 and 0.31 ng I-TEQ/kg, respectively), while in the 1996 survey PCDD/F concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1.22 ng I-TEQ/kg (d.m.) (median and mean values: 0.53 and 0.61 ng I-TEQ/kg, respectively). According to the present (1998) and the previous (1996) levels of PCDD/Fs found in soils and vegetation, the area under potential influence of the new facility shows a rather low contamination by these compounds. The current results should be useful to establish the environmental impact of the HWI.     

水质监测中存在的若干技术问题 (续)

在全国“持证上岗”、“计量认证”、实验室现场考核和《亚洲地区实验室精度管理手册》编制过程及“监测质量调查”的基础上，发现我国部分环境监测站在水质监测的实际操作、试样前处理、监测分析方法选择及数据分析等方面尚存在一些技术问题。在分析这些问题的同时，提出了解决办法和建立我国质量保证指标体系的建议。     

城市不同类型高架快速路噪声影响

参照《城市快速路设计规程》(CJJ 129—2009)并用Cadna/A软件对3种类型的城市高架快速路进行声场模拟;对高架类型、道路限速、预测点噪声值三者进行方差分析并评判高架类型对预测点噪声值的影响程度。结果表明,高架声影区只对高度低于高架且与高架距离较近的预测点影响较大,地面道路对1~2层预测点的噪声值影响较大;双层分离式在1~8层表现出更强的噪声污染性,噪声最大值出现在第6层附近,单层分离式及整体式产生的噪声最大值所在楼层数随建筑物与高架之间距离的增大而升高,单层分离式对各楼层的噪声污染程度都较小。高架类型、道路限速对噪声值的影响显著,道路交通量的大小可以改变高架类型及道路限速对于预测点噪声的效应量大小。     

Mechanistic insight into the biofilm formation and process performance of a passive aeration ditch (PAD) for decentralized wastewater treatment

• A Passive Aeration Ditch was developed to treat decentralized wastewater. • A model was developed to describe the process performance. • A high C/N ratio facilitates microbial growth but nitrification deteriorates. • A high salinity decreases both organic and nitrogen contaminants removal. Decentralized wastewater containing elevated salinity is an emerging threat to the local environment and sanitation in remote coastal communities. Regarding the cost and treatment efficiencies, we propose a passive aeration ditch (PAD) using non-woven polyester fabric as a feasible bubbleless aerator and biofilm carrier for wastewater treatment. Consideration has been first given to PAD’s efficacy in treating saline decentralized wastewater, and then to the impact of chemical oxygen demand-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and salinity on biofilm formation. A multispecies model incorporating the salinity effect has been developed to depict the system performance and predict the microbial community. Results showed that the PAD system had great capacity for pollutants removal. The biofilm thickness increased at a higher C/N ratio because of the boost of aerobic heterotrophs and denitrifying bacteria, which consequently improved the COD and total nitrogen removal. However, this led to the deterioration of ammonia removal. Moreover, while a higher salinity benefited the biofilm growth, the contaminant removal efficiencies decreased because the salinity inhibited the activity of aerobic heterotrophs and reduced the abundance of nitrifying bacteria inside the biofilm. Based on the model simulation, feed water with salinity below 2% and C/N ratio in a range of 1 to 3 forms a biofilm that can reach relatively high organic matter and ammonia removal. These findings not only show the feasibility of PAD in treatment of saline decentralized wastewater, but also offer a systematic strategy to predict and optimize the process performance.     

Co-pyrolysis of oil sludge with hydrogen-rich plastics in a vertical stirring reactor: Kinetic analysis,emissions, and products

● Collaborative treatment of plastics and OS was established to improve oil quality. ● PE addition successfully improved OS pyrolysis process by deploying H/C_eff ratio. ● Higher H/C_eff ratio promoted cracking to obtain more gas and light oil fractions. ● The degradation of PE and OS was promoted each other under their temperature range. Pyrolysis is an effective method to treat oily sludge (OS) due to its balance between oil recovery and nonhazardous disposal. However, tank bottom OS contains a high content of heavy fractions, which creates obstacles for pyrolysis due to the high activation energy. The incomplete cracking of macromolecules and secondary polymerization decreases the oil quality and causes coking during the operation process. This study introduced polyethylene (PE) into OS to deploy the H/C_eff ratio of feedstocks for pyrolysis. A strong interaction between OS and PE during copyrolysis could be observed from the TG/DTG curves. PE tightly participated in OS degradation, while OS also promoted PE degradation at high temperature. Apparent pits were generated in solid residues from copyrolysis, which was attributed to the uniform and violent gas release. In addition to HCN, other nitrogenous and sulphurous pollutants were inhibited. Accordingly, more gas products were attained after PE addition with more value-added compositions of alkanes and alkenes. Although the oil yield decreased after PE addition, the oil products from copyrolysis possessed higher heating values and higher contents of light fractions with short chains as well as paraffins. Consequently, copyrolysis of OS and PE significantly improved the pyrolysis process and resulted in high oil quality.     

高原生境不同水力停留时间下A2/O工艺活性污泥微生物代谢机制研究

在高原生境下构建不同水力停留时间(HRT)运行工况的A²/O系统,结合水质分析及对好氧池活性污泥的16S rRNA基因测序,对微生物优势菌属功能和代谢途径进行研究。结果表明:高原生境下HRT为26.25 h时A²/O工艺处理效果总体最好,微生物优势菌属代谢功能以有机物降解、反硝化脱氮和聚磷菌除磷为主,代谢途径以碳氮磷代谢为主;在高原生境下,应对外界环境变化的细菌双组分调节功能(ko02020)丰度较大,该代谢途径在适应环境变化中有显著作用,是高原生境下的优势代谢途径;微生物细胞中rpoE基因丰度偏大,为微生物适应高原环境提供了保障。HRT为26.25 h时微生物功能基因总丰度最大,可见26.25 h是高原生境下A²/O工艺最佳HRT运行工况。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定水中痕量苯甲地那铵

苯甲地那铵是一种广泛使用的苦味剂,近年来被发现在欧洲水体中普遍存在。建立灵敏可靠的环境样品前处理分析方法对评价其环境行为具有重要意义。通过优化关键前处理过程参数,建立了水中苯甲地那铵的固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱分析方法,系统考察了该方法的准确度、精密度、基质效应、检出限以及线性范围。研究表明:当调节水样pH至8以上,采用混合型阳离子交换小柱(200 mg,3 mL)富集水样,采用含体积分数2%甲酸的甲醇溶液洗脱时,该方法可获得最佳回收率;纯水和环境水样中加标回收率分别为97%~105%和89%~119%,相对标准偏差小于7%;基质效应均在24%以内;方法检出限为0.07 ng/L,线性范围为0.01~50 μg/L。该方法可用于环境水体中苯甲地那铵的痕量检测。