套种条件下混合螯合剂对污染土壤Cd淋滤行为的影响

为了研究螯合剂对污染土壤Cd向下迁移的影响,对采自广东省乐昌市和清远市的2种铅锌矿废水污染水稻土（分别为中性和酸性土壤）进行100 cm土柱室外淋溶试验,研究在玉米与东南景天套种系统中,在5 mmol.kg-1土的混合螯合剂[MC∶柠檬酸∶味精废液∶EDTA∶KCl（摩尔比）=10∶1∶2∶3]的强化作用下对2种污染土壤中Cd的淋滤行为的影响.结果表明,施加混合螯合剂后第2 d,混合螯合剂能明显提高2种土壤各土层淋滤液Cd浓度;施后第8 d混合螯合剂仍能继续提高中性土壤20 cm以下土层和酸性土壤60 cm以下土层淋滤液Cd的浓度,但其活化作用均已迅速下降.施后第2 d和第8 d,2种土壤各土层的套种＋MC处理的淋滤液Cd浓度均超过国家地下水质量标准（GB/T 14848-93）.施加混合螯合剂可降低中性土壤表层全Cd量.不同处理的土壤Cd均有向下层迁移的趋势,尤其是酸性土壤,在20 cm和40 cm处不同处理的全Cd量与起始值比较分别下降了40%～58%和39%～49%,经过100 d的修复即可达到土壤环境质量标准（GB 15618-1995）.上述结果表明,施用混合螯合剂对Cd污染土壤的地下水水质存在一定的潜在污染风险.     

超滤处理洗涤污水循环利用的中试研究

采用不同材质国产超滤膜聚丙烯（PP）、聚丙烯腈（PAN）和聚砜（PS）,进行了洗涤污水处理循环利用的现场中试研究.结合超滤工艺出水水质和膜污染分析,3种膜材质中PAN膜较优,有效去除了水中浊度、悬浮物、油脂等污染物,一定程度保留了游离阴离子表面活性剂（LAS）,长期循环洗涤对衣物的白度无不良影响.根据相关性分析,超滤出水较高COD值很大程度上是由水中LAS引起的.超滤膜对细菌、大肠菌群的去除率较低,出水通过紫外消毒,当紫外线密度≥3?750 J/m²时,微生物水平能够达到国家饮用水水质标准.根据不同水力反冲洗条件下膜渗透通量和净产水量比较,PAN膜最佳水力反冲洗条件为0.5 h反冲洗2 min.长期运行时超滤膜化学清洗方法采用碱洗法方便有效.     

Effect of sulfate on the methanogenic activity of a bacterial culture from a brewery wastewater during glucose degradation

The maximum specific methanogenic activity （SMA） of a sludge originating from a brewery wastewater treatment plant on the degradation of glucose was investigated at various levels of sulfate on a specific loading basis. Batch experiments were conducted in serum bottles at pH 7 and 35℃. A comparison of the values indicates that the SMA of this mixed culture was increased and reached its highest level of 0.128 g CH4 gas COD/（g VSS.d） when biomass was in contact with sulfate at a ratio of 1：0.114 by weight.     

碳源变化对降解2,4-D的好氧颗粒污泥性能及形态的影响

在长期运行的序批式生物反应器(SBR)中,考察了以葡萄糖和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)为混合碳源培养的好氧颗粒污泥在转换为2,4-D唯一碳源废水后,其形态、结构及对目标污染物去除功能的变化.结果表明,基质转换为2,4-D单一碳源后,好氧颗粒污泥仍保持了对目标污染物高效的去除能力.当进水2,4-D浓度为361～564mg/L,其去除率为99.2%～100%,COD平均去除率达到85.6%.混合碳源向2,4-D单一碳源转换对原好氧颗粒结构产生一定破坏作用,使其发生部分解体,粒径由513μm下降到302μm.但好氧颗粒污泥良好的耐负荷冲击使其保持了颗粒主体,通过一段时间适应调整后能够重新聚集生长,最终获得能够利用2,4-D为唯一碳源生长并具有良好沉降性(SVI20～40mL/g)的好氧颗粒污泥,粒径为489μm.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察结果表明,混合碳源转向单一碳源使好氧颗粒生物相丰富度降低.     

Reversibly enhanced aqueous solubilization of volatile organic compounds using a redox-reversible surfactant

Surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) is an effective method for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contaminated soils and groundwater. To reuse the surfactant the VOCs must be separated from the surfactant solutions. The water solubility of VOCs can be enhanced using reversible surfactants with a redox-acive group, (ferrocenylmethyl)dodecyldimethylammonium bromide (Fcl2) and (ferrocenylmethyl)tetradecanedimethylammonium bromide (Fcl4), above and below their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) under reducing (I⁺) and oxidative (I²⁺) conditions. The CMC values of Fcl2 and Fcl4 in I⁺ are 0.94 and 0.56 mmol/L and the solubilization of toluene by Fcl2 and Fcl4 in I⁺ for toluene is higher than the solubilization achieved with sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and Trition X-114. The solubilization capacity of the ferrocenyl surfactants for each tested VOCs ranked as follows: ethylbenzene > toluene > benzene. The solubilities of VOCs by reversible surfactant in I⁺ were 30% higher than those in I²⁺ at comparable surfactant concentrations. The effects of Fcl4 concentrations on VOCs removal efficiency were as follows: benzene > toluene > ethylbenzene. However, an improved removal efficiency was achieved at low ferrocenyl surfactant concentrations. Furthermore, the reversible surfactant could be recycled through chemical approaches to remove organic pollutants, which could significantly reduce the operating costs of SER technology.     

Modification of Ce02-ZrO2 catalyst by potassium for NOx-assisted soot oxidation

Potassium-modified ceria-zirconia catalyst was synthesized by wetness impregnation method. The ageing treatment was performed in static air at 800℃ for 20 hr to evaluate the thermal stability of the catalyst. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction,BET surface area, oxygen storage capacity, NOx-temperature programmed desorption and soot-temperature programmed oxidation measurements. By introduction of potassium, the maximum soot oxidation rate temperature (Tm) of the ceria-zirconia based catalyst decreased from 525 to 428℃ in the presence of NO under a loose contact mode. The shift of Tm of the K-modified catalyst after ageing is only 15℃. The enhanced activity of the aged catalyst mainly lies in the promotional effect of potassium on the NOx/oxygen storage cacity as well as the soot-catalyst contact.     

多菌种混合发酵转化秸秆技术的研究及应用进展

农作物秸秆是农业生产的副产品,也是一项重要的生物资源。利用微生物的广泛适应性和多功能性来转化秸秆已日益受到国内外科学研究者重视,特别是多菌种混合发酵是将秸秆纤维素转化为蛋白质、乙醇、乙酸等最具发展前景的方法。文章通过混合菌降解秸秆纤维,转化利用秸秆制蛋白饲料、燃料酒精、农用沼气等方面,对混合菌发酵转化秸秆技术的研究进展进行阐述。混合菌发酵转化秸秆已成为农业综合开发领域的一个亮点,正在朝着多元化,深层次的方向发展。     

甘油基混合培养物合成PHA及其与OUR的关系

聚β羟基烷酸盐(PHA)以其较好的生物相容性、可生物降解性和再生性成为最有前途的生物高分子材料.本文基于甘油作为基质在饱食-饥饿模式下富集合成PHA的混培物,以乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乳酸和葡萄糖作为基质考察混培物合成PHA的基质广谱性,结果表明乳酸和乙酸作为基质时PHA的产率系数较高;使用不同比例乙酸/丙酸混合基质时,PHA产量随着乙酸含量的增加而增大,乙酸/丙酸为3∶1时PHA产量最高.通过活性污泥同时贮存与生长模型模拟与线性回归两种方法证实,在单一基质或乙酸/丙酸混合基质情况下,PHA合成速率与OUR存在线性关系,因此,基于在线OUR测量数据可以实时估计PHA合成量.     

缙云山3种典型森林降雨过程及其氮素输入

选取重庆缙云山的常绿阔叶林、毛竹林和针阔混交林为研究对象,于2012年5~10月对大气降水、穿透雨和树干径流等降水过程及其氮素输入进行研究.结果表明:①研究期间总降雨量564.88 mm,常绿阔叶林、毛竹林和针阔混交林的穿透雨量占总降雨量的比例分别为74.0%、85.0%和71.6%,且树干径流量所占比例分别为1.9%、10.3%和1.6%;3种林分的穿透雨量、树干径流量与林外降雨量之间均呈显著的线性关系(P<0.05),且穿透雨率、树干径流率与林外降雨量之间都呈对数关系(P<0.05).②与大气降水相比,穿透雨和树干径流的NO-3和NH+4浓度要高,且3种林分的大小关系为针阔混交林>常绿阔叶林>毛竹林;穿透雨和树干径流的总无机氮输入量(以N计)分别为针阔混交林(18.93 kg·hm-2)、常绿阔叶林(14.93 kg·hm-2)和毛竹林(15.31 kg·hm-2).③3种林分的无机氮输入量与穿透雨量、树干径流量之间均呈显著的线性关系(P<0.05).     

表面活性剂Burkholderia xenoborans LB400体系对低氯代PCBs的好氧强化降解

增强多氯联苯(PCBs)的水溶性是强化PCBs微生物降解的主要控制因素之一,本研究选取了PCB5(2,3-CB)和PCB31(2,4',5-CB)作为低氯代PCBs的典型代表,以曲拉通100(TX-100)、吐温80(Tween 80)、鼠李糖脂粗提物(RL crude)3种表面活性剂和β-环糊精( HPCD)联合Burkholderia xenoνorans LB400构建PCBs好氧降解体系,测试了它们对PCB5和PCB31的溶出率及微生物生长的影响.结果表明,TX-100(CMC＝194 mg·L-1)、 Tween 80(CMC＝13.1 mg·L-1)、 RL crude(CMC＝50 mg·L-1)浓度在1~7 CMC 时和 HPCD 浓度在500~1500 mg·L-1时对 PCB5和 PCB31溶出率分别达到54.7％~100％、59.8％~100％;10.5％~40.8％、6.8％~31.6％;10.3％~19.9％、3.3％~11.6％和19.5％~34.2％、4.2％~10.7％. TX-100浓度在1~7 CMC时对B. xenoνorans LB400生长的抑制率达到30.3％~45.8％,而Tween 80浓度在0.1~1 CMC时对其生长的抑制率为10.0％~15.4％; RL crude 本身能作为底物促进 LB400的生长,而 HPCD 对其生长无明显影响. B. xenoνorans LB400对PCB31(5 mg·L-1)的降解效率在添加表面活性剂后有不同程度的提高：TX-100,23.7％~65.5％; Tween 80,14.6％~44.3％;RL crude,9.6％~27.2％;HPCD,15.3％~20.7％;而表面活性剂对PCB5(10 mg·L-1)的降解效率则无明显影响.表面活性剂主要通过增大溶液中PCBs-表面活性剂的胶束浓度来提高LB400对PCBs的降解效率,在水溶液培养体系中当设置TX-100和Tween 80浓度分别在1和7 CMC时,PCB31的降解效率达到100％和81.7％,而此时B. xenoνorans LB400生长的抑制率为30.3％和5.4％.