混合钠-钙电解质溶液的物质的量比和胶体粒径对胶体在饱和多孔介质中运移的影响

通过室内砂柱实验,研究了饱和多孔介质中,相同离子强度条件下,混合钠-钙电解质溶液的Ca~(2+)/Na~+物质的量比和胶体粒径对胶体运移的影响.实验结果表明,胶体粒径相同时,随着背景电解质溶液物质的量比的增大,胶体的滞留量增多;物质的量比相同时,相同质量浓度条件下,粒径越小的胶体滞留量越大.经模型拟合,考虑Langmuirian动力学阻塞和与深度有关的沉积行为的对流-弥散-吸附-解吸方程能够很好地描述本次实验条件下胶体在饱和多孔介质中的运移行为.     

碳氮比对活性污泥胞外聚合物的长期影响

以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组SBR反应器（R₀,R₅,R₁₀和R₁₅）,重点考察了碳氮比（C/N）对胞外聚合物（EPS）含量及其组分（蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）和核酸（DNA））的影响.试验结果表明：C/N对EPS及其组分具有显著影响.随着C/N由0升高至15,EPS和紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）含量逐渐升高,而松散型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）含量逐渐降低,EPS以TB-EPS为主（占77.4%~93.6%）.EPS和TB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随着C/N值升高而升高,LB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随C/N升高而降低.此外,随着C/N的增大,毛细吸水时间（CST）和污泥比阻（SRF）值显著增大,污泥的脱水性能变差.     

Effects of C/N ratio on nitrate removal and floc morphology of autohydrogenotrophic bacteria in a nitrate-containing wastewater treatment process

The effects of C/N ratio of a nitrate-containing wastewater on nitrate removal performed by autohydrogenotrophic bacteria as well as on the morphological parameters of floc such as floc morphology, floc number distribution, mean particle size(MPS), aspect ratio and transparency were examined in this study. The results showed that the nitrate reduction rate increased with increasing C/N ratio from 0.5 to 10 and that the nitrogen removal of up to 95% was found at the C/N ratios of higher than 5(between 0.5–10). Besides, high C/N ratio values reflected a corresponding high nitrite accumulation after 12-hr operation, and a fast decreasing rate of nitrite in the rest of operational time. The final p H values increased with the C/N ratio increasing from 0.5 to 2.5, but decreased with the C/N ratio increasing from2.5 to 10. There were no significant changes in floc morphology with the MPSs ranging from35 to 40 μm. Small and medium-sized flocs were dominant in the sludge suspension, and the number of flocs increased with the increasing C/N ratios. Furthermore, the highest apparent frequency of 10% was observed at aspect ratios of 0.5 and 0.6, while the transparency of flocs changed from 0.1 to 0.7.     

扰动强度对太湖水华微囊藻群体生长和叶绿素荧光的影响

风浪扰动在湖泊和水库中频繁发生,是影响湖泊生态系统的重要因素之一.为了解太湖风浪扰动对水华微囊藻群体生长的影响,并探究其影响机理,利用室内摇床试验,设置不同的扰动强度（0、50、100、200、400 r/min）来模拟太湖风浪扰动,扰动时间为24 h,并测定不同扰动强度下水华微囊藻群体生长和叶绿素荧光参数.结果表明,所有试验组中,100 r/min组的ρ（Chla）、微囊藻数量、F_v/F_m（潜在最大光合效率）、ETR_max（潜在最大光合速率）、I_k（半饱和光强）和α（光能利用效率）增加最快,试验结束时分别为扰动前的3.29、10.75、1.20、2.30、2.21和1.21倍;并且扰动结束后,100 r/min组中3~10细胞群体细胞数量占比由25.80%降至20.70%,显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）,而>10细胞群体细胞数量占比由0增至25.55%,显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）.方差分析表明,试验第7~11天,100 r/min组的ρ（Chla）、水华微囊藻数量、F_v/F_m、ETR_max和α显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）;第1~5天,400 r/min组的ρ（Chla）、ETR_max和I_k显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）.研究显示,适宜的扰动强度（100 r/min）促进水华微囊藻群体生长和光合活性,过高的扰动强度（400 r/min）则抑制水华微囊藻群体生长和光合活性.      

土工离心机风阻计算方法的对比研究

目的评估不同土工离心机风阻功率估算方法的效果和优缺点,为工程应用及未来研究发展方向提出建议。方法重点以土工离心机为例,总结几种有代表性的计算方法,系统分析不同方法之间的共性和差异。通过一个算例,同时结合以往离心机的设计经验,对各种方法的效果进行对比。结果法国方法、美国方法、中国工程物理研究院方法和CFD仿真方法在精度上依次增大,但复杂性依次升高,后两种方法不需借助试验来确定参数。结论对于中低速土工离心机,中国工程物理研究院方法具有较大的优势。随着土工离心机向着高速、大规模方向发展,经典解析方法的适用性尚未得到充分验证,基于CFD的高置信度仿真是一种较好的解决方案。     

根际微生物耦合降解系统的构建及其对蒽污染土壤的修复

摘要将增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)标记的黄麻土生根际优势菌Tu-1B分别与葸高效降解菌An-2和生物表面活性剂产生菌P7-50进行原生质体电融合，得到两株具有荧光标记的融合子Tu-An和Tu-P．将二融合子接种于植物根际土壤，构建根际微生物耦合降解系统，：在40d时该系统的最大降解率为96％．对根际土壤中的Tu-An融合子进行了检测，结果表明融合子在根际能稳定旺盛生长．图3表4参18     

Extra-pair paternity, offspring mortality and offspring sex ratio in the socially monogamous coal tit (Parus ater)

Females of many socially monogamous bird species commonly engage in extra-pair copulations. Assuming that extra-pair males are more attractive than the females’ social partners and that attractiveness has a heritable component, sex allocation theory predicts facultative overproduction of sons among extra-pair offspring (EPO) as sons benefit more than daughters from inheriting their father’s attractiveness traits. Here, we present a large-scale, three-year study on sex ratio variation in a passerine bird, the coal tit (Parus ater). Molecular sexing in combination with paternity analysis revealed no evidence for a male-bias in EPO sex ratios compared to their within-pair maternal half-siblings. Our main conclusion, therefore, is that facultative sex allocation to EPO is absent in the coal tit, in accordance with findings in several other species. Either there is no net selection for a deviation from random sex ratio variation (e.g. because extra-pair mating may serve goals different from striving for ‘attractiveness genes’) or evolutionary constraints preclude the evolution of precise maternal sex ratio adjustment. It is interesting to note that, however, we found broods without EPO as well as broods without mortality to be relatively female-biased compared to broods with EPO and mortality, respectively. We were unable to identify any environmental or parental variable to co-vary with brood sex ratios. There was no significant repeatability of sex ratios in consecutive broods of individual females that would hint at some idiosyncratic maternal sex ratio adjustment. Further research is needed to resolve the biological significance of the correlation between brood sex ratios and extra-pair paternity and mortality incidence, respectively.     

生态经济系统的一种整合评价方法:能值理论与分析方法

能值理论与分析方法是目前系统生态学和生态经济学发展的新成果，为复合生态系统开拓了一条定量研究途径，是连接生态学和经济学的桥梁。其理论研究与实践应用具有重要的科学意义和应用意义。文章论述了能值分析理论与分析方法的产生背景、过程、主要的基本概念、特点，指出了其需要解决的问题；并以种植业系统为例，简要介绍了能值分析的基本方法和步骤以及能值指标的计算。     

Accounting for large-scale factors in the study of understory vegetation using a conditional logistic model

Local-scale and large-scale factors can affect the presence of a species of understory vegetation in the forest. Local-scale factors may be the influence of surrounding trees, while climate and latitude are typically considered large-scale factors. A model for the presence of a species needs to take into account both scales. A conditional logistic model is proposed for those studies where only the local-scale factors are of interest and that avoids estimating the large-scale parameters. Conditioning is carried out by the number of quadrats in the plot where the vegetation is found. As the latter is a sufficient statistic for the large-scale factors, a model free from these parameters is obtained. Data gathered in the permanent sample plots of the 1985–1986 National Forest Inventory of Finland is used for illustration, where the local-scale factor of interest is the influence of the trees, quantified by an index based on the size and location of the trees. The model fitted to Vaccinium vitis-idaea showed a significant and positive influence of Scots pine on the presence of this species, while for Calamagrostis arundinacea, a decrease in the odds ratio was observed due to the influence of Norway spruce.     

Indigenous, Colonist, and Government Impacts on Nicaragua's Bosawas Reserve

Abstract:  We studied the impacts of colonists, two groups of indigenous residents (Miskitu and Mayangna), and management by the Nicaraguan Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) on the forest of the Bosawas International Biosphere Reserve. Indigenous people and colonists subsist on the natural resources of the reserve, and MARENA is responsible for protecting the area from colonization and illicit exploitation. Using geostatistical procedures and Landsat images at three different time periods, we compared per capita deforestation and boundary stabilization in areas with colonists and areas with indigenous peoples. We also examined whether the Mayangna deforested less than the Miskitu and whether the Nicaraguan government has effectively defended the Bosawas boundary against the advance of the agricultural frontier. In addition, we analyzed the current distribution of land uses within the reserve and its contiguous indigenous areas with a supervised classification of current land cover. Indigenous demarcations protected the forest successfully, whereas the Bosawas boundary itself did not inhibit colonization and consequent deforestation. Indigenous farmers deforested significantly less per capita than colonists, and the two indigenous groups in Bosawas did not differ significantly in their effects on the forest. Our results show that indigenous common-property institutions and indigenous defense of homeland have been powerful factors in protecting the forests of Bosawas and that the difficult evolution of a nested cross-scale governance system in Bosawas—under pressure from indigenous peoples—is probably the key to the forest ' s survival thus far.