Effects of phosphorus concentration on Cr（VI） sorption onto phosphorus-rich sludge biochar

To investigate effects of phosphorus content on Cr（VI） sorption onto phosphorus-rich biochar, sewage sludge of different phosphorus concentrations from 4 to 60 mg.g-1 by dry weight were prepared and carbonized to make biochar for batch sorption experiments. Test results revealed that different phosphorous concentration of raw sludge had respective impacts on surface area, pore surface area, average pore diameter and pH value of derived biochar. The adsorption kinetics of phosphorus-rich biochar could be described by the pseudo-second-order model. The sorption isotherm data followed Langmiur model better than Freundlich model. Biochar produced from sludge with phosphorus concentration of 20 mg. gl gave the largest chromium sorption capacity, which could be attributed to its largest surface area and pores surface area comparing with those of＇biochars from sludge with other phosphorus concentrations. The chromium loaded biochar was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction measurement. The results indicated that chemical functional groups hydroxyl and methyl on surface of biochar were involved in Cr（VI） binding and its reducing to Cr（III）. Then, a portion of Cr （III） in form of various phosphate precipitates was bound onto biochar surface and the rest was released into the solution. The experimental results suggested that phos- phorus played an important role in pore and surface area development of sludge biochar during pyrolytic process. It also could react with Cr（III） on the biochar surface that impacted on capacity of Cr（VI） removal from solution by sludge biochar. Therefore, phosphorus concentration in sludge should be considered when sludge pyrolytic residue would be reused for heavy metals sorbing.     

氧化物修饰电极降解有机污染物的电催化特性

采用高温热解氧化沉积法将金属氧化物SnO₂, RuO₂, Cr₂O₃, PdO修饰到钛基体表面,制备得到4种金属氧化物修饰电极.比较4种电极氧化降解苯、苯甲酸、苯酚、苯胺、硝基苯以及甲基橙染料6种有机污染物的氧化电流效率,结果表明,电极在各种介质中的析氧电位和氧化反应传递系数(β值)是衡量电极能否有效处理有机污染物废水的两个重要指标,其中SnO₂电极的析氧电位最高,PbO电极的b值最大,SnO₂电极的β 值次之.这为研制和筛选高效催化电极提供了理论依据.     

Are Life Patents Ethical? Conflict between Catholic Social Teaching and Agricultural Biotechnology's Patent Regime

Patents for genetic material in theindustrialized North have expandedsignificantly over the past twenty years,playing a crucial role in the currentconfiguration of the agricultural biotechnologyindustries, and raising significant ethicalissues. Patents have been claimed for genes,gene sequences, engineered crop species, andthe technical processes to engineer them. Mostcritics have addressed the human and ecosystemhealth implications of genetically engineeredcrops, but these broad patents raise economicissues as well. The Catholic social teachingtradition offers guidelines for critiquing theeconomic implications of this new patentregime. The Catholic principle of the universaldestination of goods implies that genes, genesequences, and engineered crop varieties areineligible for patent protection, although theprocesses to engineer these should be eligible.Religious leaders are likely to make a moresubstantive contribution to debates aboutagricultural biotechnology by addressing theselife patents than by speculating that geneticengineering is ``playing God.'     

改性累托石复合絮凝剂处理油漆废水

采用改性累托石-天然高分子多糖复合絮凝剂处理油漆废水。在改性累托石质量浓度为80mg／L、天然高分于多糖质造浓度为4mg／L的条件下,COD、悬浮固体和色度的去除率分别较传统絮凝剂三氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺提高了43．1％,6．4％,22．6％和19．1％,3．4％,21．8％;吨废水药剂成本分别下降了16．9％和30．7％,处理后的油漆废水均达到国家二级污水排放标准。     

改性天然沸石的除氟性能研究

高效除氟材料的应用能降低饮用水中的氟质量浓度.采用静态吸附实验,比较了天然沸石和实验室制得的氢氧化铝、硫酸铝、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)改性天然沸石的除氟性能.结果表明,PFS改性的天然沸石具有良好的除氟效果,静态除氟容量可达25 mg·g~(-1).通过动态吸附试验,进一步探讨了饮用水的氟质量浓度、流速、停留时间、床层高度等因素对PFS改性天然沸石除氟性能的影响.研究发现,原水氟质量浓度越低,最佳除氟停留时间越短,PFS改性天然沸石滤柱床层高度越小.当停留时间为68 s,滤柱床层高度为47 mm时,含氟为5.8 mg·L~(-1)的模拟水样经吸附滤柱后,其氟质量浓度降到0.95 mg·L~(-1),低于国家生活饮用水标准的上限值1 mg·L~(-1).当含氟为4.14 mg·L~(-1)时,停留时间缩短为58 s,最小床层高度为40 mm;含氟为2.5 mg·L~(-1)时.停留时间为47 s,最小床层高度为32 mm,出水即可符合国家生活饮用水标准.因此,可根据不同高氟水地区的氟质量浓度来确定停留时间和床层高度,从而确定材料的适宜用量和流量.     

基于能值理论的生态足迹方法改进

生态足迹方法自提出以来受到广泛关注,其缺点也受到一些学者的批评。ZhaoSheng等2005年提出能值足迹法,弥补了生态足迹法以土地生产能力为限制的缺点。论文提出区域能值足迹法,以弥补其改进方法不能够反映区域实际情况和技术进步带来影响的不足。最后,以岷江上游1982到2002年为例应用3种方法进行计算分析。结果表明研究区生态足迹呈缓慢上升趋势,生态足迹方法计算结果<能值足迹<区域能值足迹;生态承载力计算结果显示生态足迹与区域能值足迹方法结果呈平缓下降趋势,而能值足迹方法结果呈不规则变动。区域能值足迹法能够考虑到区域实际情况和技术进步,但它不能完全代替生态足迹方法,将其结合应用将得到更多信息。     

水力空化降解印染废水的初步研究

水力空化技术是一种新的废水处理技术。为探讨操作条件和几何参数等因素对降解的影响,利用多洞孔板水力空化装置对含有若丹明B染色剂的模拟印染废水进行降解试验研究。试验结果表明:水力空化对若丹明B确实有降解作用,处理系统中存在最佳的孔板几何参数和操作运行条件,并且若丹明B的降解速率随修正空化数的减少而增大。     

生物炭添加对太湖滨岸带土壤氮矿化和淋失特征的影响

滨岸带土壤的氮矿化改变了氮元素的迁移和利用效率,与水体富营养化控制息息相关,而土地利用导致的土壤性质差异使得氮的固持和运移能力不同.因此,以太湖西部沿岸3种土地利用类型的土壤(林地、草地和耕地)为研究对象,通过培养实验和土柱淋溶实验,探究不同生物炭添加(0％、1％和5％)条件下滨岸带土壤氮矿化量的动态变化和淋失特征.结...     

炉渣与生物炭配施对福州平原稻田土壤团聚体及碳、氮分布的影响

土壤水稳性团聚体及土壤碳、氮含量是影响土壤肥力的关键因素.以福州平原稻田为研究区,在早稻和晚稻生长季,对对照、炉渣、生物炭和炉渣与生物炭配施处理下耕层和犁底层土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性,包括0.25 mm团聚体含量(DR0.25)、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)及土壤碳、氮含量进行了测定和分析.研究结果表明:早稻和晚稻不同土层,对照、炉渣、生物炭和配施4种处理团聚体均以0.25 mm粒级为主;0.25 mm水稳定性大团聚体数量随深度增加而增加,土壤团聚体的稳定性随土层加深而增强;早稻组中,生物炭施加后MWD、GMD和DR0.25较对照组分别减少了20.08%、15.12%和21.87%,D值增加了3.67%,炉渣和配施后差异不显著(p0.05);晚稻组中,生物炭施加后MWD、GMD和DR0.25较对照组分别增加了23.00%、13.82%和16.75%,配施后MWD、GMD和DR0.25较对照组分别增加了16.77%、9.80%和15.37%,D值分别减少了3.75%和2.59%,炉渣施加后差异不显著(p0.05);炉渣、生物炭和配施3种处理都显著增加了早稻耕层和晚稻耕层土壤的碳含量,生物炭和配施处理都显著增加了早稻耕层和晚稻耕层土壤的氮含量(p0.05),3种处理都显著增大了早稻耕层土壤C/N比(p0.05),同时,土壤不同粒级团聚体碳、氮含量百分比主要集中在0.25 mm粒级大团聚体.     

生物炭对紫色土坡耕地侵蚀性耕层土壤有机碳的影响

土壤有机碳是陆地生态系统最大的碳库,不仅是耕地土壤质量评价的核心指标,也是全球碳循环的重要组成部分.为研究耕层土壤有机碳对土壤侵蚀和管理措施交互作用的响应特征,以三峡库区典型紫色土坡耕地侵蚀性耕层土壤为研究对象,采用铲土侵蚀模拟试验小区,建立5种侵蚀程度的坡耕地原位试验,以不施肥(CK)为对照措施,设置单施化肥(F)和...