改性人造沸石处理含黄玉铬洁(Ⅵ张焕)祯地下水的实验研究

为了提高人造沸石对地下水中铬(Ⅵ)的去除能力,采用氯化铝对人造沸石进行改性。确定最佳改性条件:20%氯化铝溶液,液固比12 mL/g,室温下以180 r/min振荡改性8 h;最佳除Cr(Ⅵ)条件:pH值为4～8,液固比为33.3 mL/g,室温下水浴恒温振荡2 h。改性沸石对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附符合Langmuir及Freundlich等温线方程,由Langmuir吸附等温线可得其吸附容量为5.624 mg/g。在最佳反应条件下,水样中铬(Ⅵ)浓度可由5 mg/L下降到0.026 mg/L,低于0.05 mg/L,满足GB/T 14848—93《地下水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对短裸甲藻的抑制机制研究

为揭示化感物质邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)对短裸甲藻(Gymnodinium breve)的抑制机制,研究了DBP对短裸甲藻丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量、亚显微结构、不同超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的影响.结果表明,DBP引起了细胞MDA的积累,3 mg.L-1的DBP处理组在72 h处出现最大值,为0.34μmol.(109cells)-1,是对照组的2.3倍;细胞膜出现大量突起,细胞内形成大量液泡,膜结构解体最终空洞、死亡.CuZn-SOD位于藻细胞质,在DBP影响下,活性升高,表明藻细胞质(包括细胞膜)内积累的ROS诱导了酶的活性;而位于线粒体的Mn-SOD活性降低,可能是由于ROS在线粒体内积累过度导致其失活,DBP可能通过作用于短裸甲藻线粒体和细胞膜,从而引起藻细胞氧化损伤,最终导致细胞空洞化死亡.该结果对赤潮化感抑制剂的实际应用具有理论指导作用.     

改性粉煤灰处理含铬(Ⅵ)地下水的实验研究

用硫酸改性的粉煤灰作为吸附剂,处理含铬(Ⅵ)为5mg/L地下水,最佳条件为:pH=2,液固比10000:3,25℃下反应3h。处理后水样铬(VI)浓度0.03mg/L,满足(GB/T 14848-93)《地下水环境质量标准》。在不改变原水pH条件下,增加粉煤灰用量,水样中铬(VI)浓度也可由5mg/L降至0.05mg/L。同时,吸附剂对铬(VI)的吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温线。     

Biological sulfate removal from acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater using a two-stage UASB reactor

A two-stage UASB reactor was employed to remove sulfate from acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater. Mesophilic operation (35±0.5℃) was performed with hydraulic retention time (HRT) varied between 28 and 40 hr. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in the reactor was maintained about 8000 mg/L. The results indicated that sulfate removal was enhanced with increasing the ratio of COD/SO₄^2-. At low COD/SO₄^2-, the growth of the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was carbon-limited. The optimal sulfate removal efficiencies were 75% when the HRT was no less than 38 hr. Sulfidogenesis mainly happened in the sulfate-reducing stage, while methanogenesis in the methane-producing stage. Microbes in sulfate-reducing stage performed granulation better than that in methane-producing stage. Higher extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content in sulfate-reducing stage helped to adhere and connect the flocculent sludge particles together. SRB accounted for about 31% both in sulfate-reducing stage and methane-producing stage at COD/SO₄^2- ratio of 0.5, while it dropped dramatically from 34% in sulfate-reducing stage to 10% in methane-producing stage corresponding to the COD/SO₄^2- ratio of 4.7. SRB and MPA were predominant in sulfate-reducing stage and methane-producing stage respectively.     

Oxidative removal of acetaminophen using zero valent aluminum-acid system: Efficacy, influencing factors, and reaction mechanism

Commercial available zero valent aluminum under air-equilibrated acidic conditions (ZVAl/H⁺/air system) demonstrated an excellent capacity to remove aqueous organic compounds. Acetaminophen (ACTM), the active ingredient of the over-the-counter drug Tylenol^®, is widely present in the aquatic environment and therefore the treatment of ACTM-contaminated water calls for further research. Herein we investigated the oxidative removal of ACTM by ZVAl/H⁺/air system and the reaction mechanism. In acidic solutions (pH < 3.5), ZVAl displayed an excellent capacity to remove ACTM. More than 99% of ACTM was eliminated within 16 hr in pH 1.5 reaction solutions initially containing 2.0 g/L aluminum and 2.0 mg/L ACTM at 25 ± 1\textcelsius. Higher temperature and lower pH facilitated ACTM removal. The addition of different iron species Fe⁰, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ into ZVAl/H⁺/air system dramatically accelerated the reaction likely due to the enhancing transformation of H₂O₂ to HO. via Fenton's reaction. Furthermore, the primary intermediate hydroquinone and the anions formate, acetate and nitrate, were identified and a possible reaction scheme was proposed. This work suggested that ZVAl/H⁺/air system may be potentially employed to treat ACTM-contaminated water.     

纳米铁酸镍的制备及可见光催化性能研究

利用水热法制备了纳米铁酸镍,表征了其微观结构和光谱性能,并以罗丹明B溶液作为目标污染物,研究了铁酸镍催化剂的可见光催化性能。结果表明:所制备铁酸镍的微观形貌为由直径200-300 nm左右的类似球形小颗粒组成的大颗粒,平均粒径为95.60 nm,在紫外-可见光谱区均有较强的光吸收。光催化过程中催化剂的适宜用量为0.05 g,少量H2O2的加入有助于提高罗丹明B溶液的降解率。催化剂用量为0.05 g,加入0.4 mL 30%的H2O2,降解50 mL 20 mg/L罗丹明B溶液,模拟太阳光照射240 min后降解率能够达到99.2%。在实际太阳光照射下,240 min后罗丹明B溶液的降解率可以达到85.2%。     

西安表土中多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源解析

通过2008年采集西安不同功能区表层土壤样品,运用GC/MS质谱联用仪对美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定性、定量分析,来探讨西安表层土壤种多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源。结果表明,16种PAHs均被检出,西安表土中ΣPAHs浓度范围为125~9 057 ng/g,平均值为2 727 ng/g,主要以4~6环PAHs为主,共占总量的69%。PAHs的空间分布规律为:工业区>文教区>绿化区>郊区>农村。应用特征比值判断法可知,西安表土中PAHs主要是煤的不完全燃烧和机动车尾气排放所产生的混合源污染。借鉴国外土壤污染标准可知西安城区表土污染较为严重。     

锰铈脱硝催化剂的制备及其再生性能研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列Mn-Ce-Ox复合氧化物脱硝催化剂用于NH3选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)NO。考察了Mn/Ce摩尔比、焙烧温度、H2O和SO2对Mn-Ce-Ox复合氧化物脱硝催化剂活性的影响及催化剂中毒再生性能。结果表明:当NH3:NO=1:1,空速为5 000 h-1,550℃焙烧制得的Mn/Ce摩尔比为5∶1的Mn-Ce-Ox复合脱硝催化剂活性最佳,活性温度窗口为100~260℃,在此温度区间内催化剂活性大于90%。200℃时,Mn-Ce-Ox复合催化剂活性最高为97.84%;在10%(V/V)H2O蒸汽和300×10-6SO2共存条件下,200℃时,催化剂活性在开始反应2.5 h内迅速下降至53%左右,并在之后的6 h内没有明显变化;中毒催化剂经常温水洗再生处理、质量分数为3%的硝酸溶液再生处理和550℃焙烧2 h再生处理后200℃活性均能恢复到90%以上,其中中毒催化剂经质量分数为3%硝酸处理后活性恢复率最高。     

不同载体材料对厌氧氨氧化效果影响的研究

文章分别采用水性聚氨酯(WPU)和活性炭2种材料作为生物载体,在2个不同的上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器中接种包埋污泥和生物活性炭,采用人工配水进行连续实验,观测厌氧氨氧化反应器启动过程中各种含氮化合物的变化,以考察不同载体材料对厌氧氨氧化过程的影响。文章在生物活性炭反应器中成功驯化了采自污水处理厂的普通厌氧污泥,证明了从环境中驯化培养厌氧氨氧化菌的可能性。通过2个阶段中脱氮效率的比较,发现以水性聚氨酯包埋材料作为未驯化细菌载体并无明显优势,反而成为传质的障碍;而采用生物活性炭则可以迅速达到提高局部生物量、聚集功能菌、屏蔽不利环境的干扰等作用,是理想的微生物载体。     

生物阳极及其反转为生物阴极降解氯霉素

为了探讨生物阳极能否降解氯霉素以及生物阳极反转为生物阴极后能否替代生物阴极,通过驯化生物阳极降解氯霉素和生物阳极反转为生物阴极的实验,表明生物阳极经过长期氯霉素浓度梯度增加(5~80 mg·L-1)的驯化,具有较好产电能力的同时,对氯霉素也具有一定的降解能力(k=0.098 5).生物阳极反转为生物阴极后并将电位恒定在-0.40 V vs.SHE时,该生物阴极相对于反转前生物阳极的电位(-0.20 V vs.SHE)有了明显的降低,导致微生物活性受到一定的影响,但阴极生物膜仍具有较强的催化降解氯霉素的能力,其还原降解速率常数k为0.264 3,明显高于非生物阴极对照(k=0.160 9).生物阳极反转生物阴极的模式不仅实现了氯霉素的硝基还原,而且发生了芳香胺产物侧链的完全脱氯和羰基还原反应.