氟虫双酰胺在水稻和稻田中的残留动态研究

采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定了氟虫双酰胺19.8%悬浮剂(SC)在水稻及稻田环境中的残留动态.结果表明,当氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物NNI-des-iodo的添加量为0.05～1.0 mg·kg-1时,其在水稻田土壤、田水、稻秆、稻米和稻壳中的平均回收率为78.2%～104.8%,变异系数为1.1%～4.4%.氟虫双酰胺在2011年三地(福建福州、天津、江苏南京)的稻田水中的降解半衰期为9.8～17.3 d,土壤中10.8～22.4 d,植株中7.6～17.3 d,其在稻田水样品中检出了代谢产物NNI-des-iodo,而在土壤和植株样品中未检出.在推荐使用剂量下,于末次施药10 d后,氟虫双酰胺在水稻稻米中的残留量均低于美国规定的在稻谷上的最大残留允许量(0.5 mg·kg-1).     

基于情景分析的城市餐厨垃圾处理方案研究

城市生态环境保护是生态文明建设的重要组成部分之一,而餐厨垃圾是影响城市生态环境的一种主要污染源,因此,有效处理餐厨垃圾也是当前城市生态环境保护的重要内容。本文以重庆市为例,针对其特殊的餐厨垃圾组成成分,调查分析了其主城区餐厨垃圾污染状况及处理难点,提出了3种主要处理方案情景并进行综合效益评价。结果表明建立餐厨垃圾小型处理站是最优方案,其成本效益核算结果说明当政府基金和垃圾产量有限时,也可采用缩小处理站规模以达到最高的组合效益。     

液相色谱法测定底泥中阿特拉津的不确定度评定

摘要：文章采用实验室内部的非标准方法《底泥中阿特拉津残留量的液相色谱测定方法》测定底泥中的阿特拉津残留量。通过对影响测定结果的不确定度分量的分析和量化,求出被测量的标准不确定度,给出各分量对测定结果不确定度的相对贡献,对测定结果进行了表述。对实际河道底泥样品中的阿特拉津残留量进行了测定,得到阿特拉津农药残留量的拓展不确定度为0．23ug/g,k=2。     

POPs污染物莠去津在长期定位施肥土壤中的残留动态

在建立土壤中莠去津残留分析方法的基础上,采用室内培养法研究了该药在长期定位施肥处理土壤中的降解动态.土壤中的莠去津残留物用丙酮提取,经液-液分配和柱层析净化后,气相色谱检测.莠去津的最低检出量为6.4×10^-12　g,在土壤中的最低检出浓度为6.4×10^-9　g·kg^-1,土壤中0.11、1.1、11.0 mg·kg^-1这3个浓度的添加回收率分别为91.41%±4.36％、93.58%±4.54％、 90.35%±3.59％,符合农药残留分析要求.运用该残留分析方法研究了莠去津在长期定位施肥处理土壤中的残留动态.结果表明,莠去津在土壤中的降解遵循一级动力学方程,其在CK、NPK、NPK+M、NPK+S施肥处理土壤中的降解半衰期分别为20.6、 23.0、 28.5、 33.2 d,由LSR分析可知,NPK肥和有机肥的施入明显加快了莠去津在土壤中的降解.单独回归及逐步回归分析均证实莠去津在土壤中的降解半衰期与土壤中的碱解氮、有机质和全氮含量之间存在良好的正相关,其相关系数分别为0.998?3、0.982?6和0.952?1,原因可能是这些土壤养分为土壤微生物的活动提供了足够的碳素和氮素,微生物活性较高,从而致使莠去津在土壤中降解加快.     

Residual dynamics of thiacloprid in medical herbs marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil

Thiacloprid is a new insecticide of the chloronicotinyl family. To assess its risk after application, residual characteristics of thiacloprid in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil were studied under field conditions. The active ingredient was extracted from the plant material using a mixture of acetone-water. After filtration, the extract was concentrated to the aqueous phase, diluted with water, and portioned against ethyl acetate on a matrix solid phase dispersion column. Thiacloprid was extracted from soil using a mixture of methanol-water, filtered, and re.extracted （clean up） with dichloromethane. The residues were quantified using HPLC-MS-MS. The methods were validated by recovery experiments. Thiacloprid residues in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil persisted beyond 10, 14, 14, and 21 d but no residues were detected after 14, 21, 21, and 28 d, respectively. The data obtained in this study indicated that the biexponential model is more suitable than the first-order function to describe the decline of thiacloprid in fresh marjoram, fresh thyme, and dried camomile flowers with half-life （t1/2） of 1.1, 0.7, and 1.2 d, respectively. However, both the first-order function and biexponential model were found to be applicable for dissipation of thiacloprid in soil with almost the same t1/2 values of 3.5 and 3.6 d. The results indicated that thiacloprid dissipates rapidly and does not accumulate in the tested herbs and in soil.     

广东省荔枝园土壤农药残留现状研究

荔枝收获完毕后在广东省荔枝主产区采集208个荔枝园土壤样本,检测了9种荔枝常用农药甲霜灵、代森锰锌、多菌灵、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、敌百虫、乐果和敌敌畏的残留含量.结果表明,农药检出率为氯氰菊酯(59.1%)多菌灵(51.0%)代森锰锌(11.1%)甲霜灵(6.7%)三氟氯氰菊酯(3.4%).乐果和敌敌畏仅在个别果园检出,溴氰菊酯和敌百虫均未检出.土壤同时检出不同种类农药果园的百分数为只检出1种农药(40.4%)同时检出2种(31.3%)未检出(18.8%)同时检出3种(8.2%)同时检出4种(1.4%).检出的7种农药中,代森锰锌残留平均含量最高达39.05μg·kg-1,氯氰菊酯次之为7.83μg·kg-1.其它5种农药平均含量为0.19～1.65μg·kg-1.整体上广东省荔枝园土壤农药残留状况较轻.     

五种重点关注的重金属废渣的处理方法与利用现状

近年来,随着我国经济的迅速发展,重金属废渣的总量逐步扩大,引发了很多社会、经济、环境问题,成为了企业和环保领域关注的热点问题,国家近期提出了五种需重点关注的重金属废渣。本文在对国内外资料的总结和回顾的基础上,着重论述了这五种重金属废渣的来源、产量,对于现在常用的各种处理方式进行对比分析,指出其优缺点;总结了一般重金属废渣的处理模式,提出了自己的看法;展望了重金属废渣处理技术的发展方向。     

戊唑醇残留分析方法实验室内质量控制研究

文章确立了小麦、香蕉中戊唑醇残留检测方法,小麦样品加水10 mL用丙酮为萃取溶剂,石油醚液液分配,中性氧化铝柱层析净化,用气相色谱(GC-NPD)检测。香蕉样品加水5 mL用丙酮为萃取溶剂,石油醚液液分配,浓缩后用气相色谱(GC-NPD)检测。分别设置不同时间批次,同一批次间的平行样及实验室内人员分析,分别从方法灵敏度、方法准确度、方法精密度及其质量控制图、标准工作液的稳定性来探讨该方法的可靠性,结果表明该方法可以作为香蕉和小麦种戊唑醇残留检测的标准分析方法。     

Removal of phosphate from wastewater using alkaline residue

Alkaline residue(AR) was found to be an efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater. The kinetic and equilibrium of phosphate removal were investigated to evaluate the performance of modified alkaline residue. After treatment by NaOH(AR-NaOH), removal performance was significantly improved, while removal performance was almost completely lost after treatment by HCl(AR-HCl). The kinetics of the removal process by all adsorbents was well characterized by the pseudo second-order model. The Langmuir model exhibited the best correlation for AR-HCl, while AR was effectively described by Freundlich model. Both models were well fitted to AR-NaOH. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir equation were in following manner: AR-NaOH AR AR-HCl. Phosphate removal by alkaline residue was pH dependent process. Mechanisms for phosphate removal mainly involved adsorption and precipitation, varied with equilibrium pH of solution. For AR-HCl, the acid equilibrium pH( 6.0) was unfavorable for the formation of Ca-P precipitate, with adsorption as the key mechanism for phosphate removal. In contrast, for AR and ARNaOH, precipitation was the dominant mechanism for phosphate removal, due to the incrase on pH( 8.0) after phosphate removal. The results of both XRD and SEM analysis confirmed CaHPO4·2H2O formation after phosphate removal by AR and AR-NaOH.     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residue materials as biosorbents

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, e.g., naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene and pyrene, from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residues was investigated to develop low cost biosorbents for organic pollutant abatement. Bamboo wood, pine wood, pine needles and pine bark were selected as plant residues, and acid hydrolysis was used as an easily modification method. The raw and modified biosorbents were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The sorption isotherms of PAHs to raw biosorbents were apparently linear, and were dominated by a partitioning process. In comparison, the isotherms of the hydrolyzed biosorbents displayed nonlinearity, which was controlled by partitioning and the specific interaction mechanism. The sorpfion kinetic curves of PAHs to the raw and modified plant residues fit well with the pseudo second-order kinetics model. The sorption rates were faster for the raw biosorbents than the corresponding hydrolyzed biosorbents, which was attributed to the latter having more condensed domains （i.e., exposed aromatic core）. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose component under acid hydrolysis, the sorption capability of the hydrolyzed biosorbents was notably enhanced, i.e., 6-18 fold for phenanthrene, 6-8 fold for naphthalene and pyrene and 5-8 fold for acenaphthene. The sorpfion coefficients （Kd） were negatively correlated with the polarity index [（O＋N）/C], and positively correlated with the aromaticity of the biosorbents. For a given biosorbent, a positive linear correlation between logKoc and logKow for different PAHs was observed. Interestingly, the linear plots of logKoc-logKow were parallel for different biosorbents. These observations suggest that the raw and modified plant residues have great potential as biosorbents to remove PAHs from wastewater.