Fe-Mn-sepiolite as an effective heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue

A study of the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue in an aqueous solution using Fe-Mn-sepiolite as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst has been performed. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the catalyst showed bending vibrations of the Fe-O. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the catalyst showed characteristic diffraction peaks of α-Fe₂O₃, γ-Fe₂O₃ and MnO. A four factor central composite design (CCD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate and optimize the important variables (catalyst addition, hydrogen peroxide dosage, initial pH value and initial dye concentration). When the reaction conditions were catalyst dosage= 0.4 g, [H₂O₂]= 0.3 mL, pH= 2.5, [reactive brilliant blue]_o = 50 mg·L⁻¹, and volume of solution= 500 mL at room temperature, the decolorization efficiency of reactive brilliant blue was 91.98% within 60 min. Moreover, the Fe-Mn-sepiolite catalyst had good stability for the degradation of reactive brilliant blue even after six cycles. Leaching of iron ions (<0.4 mg·L⁻¹) was observed. The decoloring process was reactive brilliant blue specific via a redox reaction. The benzene ring and naphthalene ring were first oxidized to open ring; these were then oxidized to the alcohol and carboxylic acid. The reactive brilliant blue was decomposed mainly by the attack of ·OH radicals including surface-bound ·OH radicals generated on the catalyst surface.     

二氧化硫/水/空气体系气溶胶成核实验研究

以X-射线为辐射电离源对二氧化硫/水/空气体系的气溶胶成核过程进行了研究.实验结果表明,新生粒子来源于离子诱导成核与均相成核两种机制,前者产生带电颗粒,后者产生中性颗粒.离子对粒子成核有着重要的贡献,对粒子生长作用不明显,SO2对粒子成核与生长均有贡献.成核粒子谱分布呈双峰模式,其峰值会随着气体流速发生偏移.在低SO2浓度情况下,离子诱导成核占主导地位,随着SO2浓度的增加,均相成核的作用越来越明显.     

Fenton试剂氧化降解紫丁香醇的研究

在自制的圆柱型双层玻璃反应器中,以木素类模型物紫丁香醇(SL)为目标化合物,考察Fenton试剂对紫丁香醇的降解效果,研究溶液的pH值、H2O2的用量、Fe2+的用量、紫丁香醇溶液初始浓度、反应时间、紫外光照射等因素对紫丁香醇降解的影响。实验结果表明:在室温条件下,当体系pH值为3.0时,加入两倍理论用量的H2O2,Fe2+与H2 O2的物质的量之比为1︰50,反应60 min后,50 mg/L的紫丁香醇的去除率可达87.5%;当体系中引入紫外光后,Fenton试剂的氧化性明显增加,反应速度显著加快,30 min后紫丁香醇可完全矿化。     

基于Realizable k－ε 湍流模型的氨气泄漏数值模拟研究

针对液氨泄漏事故,为了分析不同泄漏点、不同排风条件下氨气的运移规律,以便合理设置应急处置装备、采取有效措施,基于Realizable k－ε的氨气泄漏有限元数值模拟分析方法,计算了液氨泄漏质量,模拟分析了增加排风口、不同液氨泄漏口及不同液氨泄漏量的氨气扩散规律及浓度变化情况。模拟结果表明:对流排风口位置对于泄漏氨气浓度影响较大,泄漏口位置对泄漏氨气扩散影响不显著;氨气泄漏量的增加使得泄漏口垂直方向氨气浓度显著增加。     

融合LRT的Bootstrap区间估计同质点识别方法研究*

针对传统同质点探测方法检验效率低以及在地物区分度不明显地区探测结果包含过多异质点的问题,提出融合似然比检验(LRT)与Bootstrap区间估计的同质点探测方法,通过模拟和实验对该方法进行验证,并对鄂尔多斯某煤矿地表形变进行探测和验证。研究结果表明:相比于传统方法,融合似然比检验(LRT)与Bootstrap区间估计的同质点探测方法具有较高的拒绝率和稳定的拒绝率标准差,比较适合地物区分度不明显的野外矿区同质点探测;在实验矿区发现1处明显下沉,最大累计沉降为-128.9 mm,通过与实测水准比较,发现实测水准结果与基于本文方法的DS-InSAR结果基本一致,2者均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为14.4,12.0 mm。研究结果可实现对矿区的非接触、大范围、长时间监测,为DS-InSAR中同质点选取提供新思路。     

The inertial range “outer scale” and optical turbulence

The crucial parameter used to calculate turbulence effects upon light waves propagating through the atmosphere is known as the structure constant, . As Tatarski has shown, this parameter depends upon the “outer scale” of the inertial sub-range of the turbulence. Recently there have been successful predictions of astronomical “seeing” conditions at Mauna Kea Astronomical Observatory which have increased interest in this subject and in the use of the so-called “Dewan Optical Turbulence Model”. In the case of the Air Force, there has been a longstanding need for such optical turbulence prediction, especially in the stratosphere. In the past researchers have used a relation due to Tatarski, (which plays a prominent role in this model) in order to deduce values of the “outer scale” from measurements. When doing this, they have been surprised to find values very much smaller than expected. The goal of the paper is to explain this unexpected result. As we will show, this result can be explained by two factors: (a) the average turbulent layer thicknesses are smaller than originally believed, and, more importantly, (b) only a minor fraction of the stratosphere is turbulent. In order to arrive at this conclusion, we used the high-resolution (10 m) wind profiles that were originally used to formulate the previously mentioned optical turbulence model. The U.S. Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Numerical simulation of stratified turbulent two phase flow in aquatic environment

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Turbulence Perturbations in the Neutrally Stratified Surface Layer due to the Interaction of a Katabatic Flow with a Steep Ridge

Turbulence measurements were performed in Antarctica, on the Nansen Ice Sheet, dominated by westerly katabatic winds. The measurements were taken at two sites aligned with the katabatic wind fall-line. The measuring stations were located in the middle of a wide, flat iced area at a distance of 14 km from the base of a sloping surface and at the top of a steep ridge (Inexpressible Island). The aim was to investigate the perturbation of turbulence close to the ground generated by the interaction of the flow with the ridge. We present an analysis comparing the data measured at the upstream unperturbed station with those at the top of the obstacle. Moments and spectra of velocity components have been calculated for almost steady periods. The topography and roughness change produce a combined effect on the flow acceleration (of the opposite sign) and on the turbulent stresses (of the same sign). Spectra of velocity components measured at the top of the ridge and scaled by unperturbed quantities evidence an increment of energy in the high frequency subrange with respect to the up-stream flow. Moreover, the horizontal velocity components display a shift in turbulence maximum towards higher frequencies. The vertical velocity spectrum exhibits an energy increment at low frequencies with respect to the upstream spectrum.     

铜均相和非均相催化氯化消毒反应研究

在不同的入水pH值条件下,考察了铜离子存在时的均相情况和铜氧化物存在时的非均相情况下,水中余氯的分解和消毒副产物的生成规律.结果表明,与不含铜的情况相比,铜的存在,无论是均相还是非均相,对余氯的分解均有促进作用.不同的pH值条件下,铜均相和非均相对挥发性氯化消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)的生成和非挥发性氯化消毒副产物二氯乙酸(DCAA)和三氯乙酸(TCAA)生成的影响不同,这主要是由于pH值影响了水中可溶性铜离子的浓度造成的.随着pH值的升高,在铜均相和非均相催化下,水中可溶性铜离子的浓度均降低.可溶性铜离子的浓度会影响水中消毒副产物的生成.对于挥发性氯化消毒副产物THMs来说,当铜离子浓度小于2.5 mg·L-1时,随着铜离子浓度增加,对THMs生成的促进作用加强;当铜离子浓度大于2.5 mg·L-1后,对THMs生成的促进作用减弱;对于非挥发性氯化消毒副产物DCAA和TCAA,随着铜离子浓度增加,DCAA的生成量逐渐增加,TCAA的生成量逐渐减少.     

Effects of the Resolution and Kinematics of Olfactory Appendages on the Interception of Chemical Signals in a Turbulent Odor Plume

A variety of animals use olfactory appendages bearing arrays of chemosensory neurons to detect chemical signatures in the water or air around them. This study investigates how particular aspects of the design and behavior of such olfactory appendages on benthic aquatic animals affect the patterns of intercepted chemical signals in a turbulent odor plume. We use virtual olfactory `sensors' and `antennules' (arrays of sensors on olfactory appendages) to interrogate the concentration field from an experimental dataset of a scalar plume developing in a turbulent boundary layer. The aspects of the sensors that we vary are: (1) The spatial and temporal scales over which chemical signals arriving at the receptors of a sensor are averaged (e.g., by subsequent neural processing), and (2) the shape and orientation of a sensor with respect to ambient water flow. Our results indicate that changes in the spatial and temporal resolution of a sensor can dramatically alter its interception of the intermittency and variability of the scalar field in a plume. By comparing stationary antennules with those sweeping through the flow (as during antennule flicking by the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus), we show that flicking alters the frequency content of the scalar signal, and increases the likelihood that the antennule encounters peak events. Flicking also enables a long, slender (i.e., one-dimensional) antennule to intercept two-dimensional scalar patterns.