Techno-economic evaluation of ultrasound and thermal pretreatments for enhanced anaerobic digestion of municipal waste activated sludge

To enhance the anaerobic digestion of municipal waste-activated sludge (WAS), ultrasound, thermal, and ultrasound + thermal (combined) pretreatments were conducted using three ultrasound specific energy inputs (1000, 5000, and 10,000 kJ/kg TSS) and three thermal pretreatment temperatures (50, 70 and 90 °C). Prior to anaerobic digestion, combined pretreatments significantly improved volatile suspended solid (VSS) reduction by 29-38%. The largest increase in methane production (30%) was observed after 30 min of 90 °C pretreatment followed by 10,000 kJ/kg TSS ultrasound pretreatment. Combined pretreatments improved the dimethyl sulfide (DMS) removal efficiency by 42-72% but did not show any further improvement in hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) removal when compared with ultrasound and thermal pretreatments alone. Economic analysis showed that combined pretreatments with 1000 kJ/kg TSS specific energy and differing thermal pretreatments (50-90 °C) can reduce operating costs by $44-66/ton dry solid when compared to conventional anaerobic digestion without pretreatments.     

有机磷阻燃剂生产废水预处理工艺研究

采用液膜萃取—酸析沉降—络合萃取组合工艺对有机磷阻燃剂生产废水进行预处理.最佳工艺条件为:液膜萃取时,液膜油相(表面活性剂与煤油的混合液)与内水相(H2SO4溶液)的体积比2∶1、乳化液膜与废水的体积比1∶8、废水pH 13.0,硫酸体积分数10％、煤油中表面活性剂质量浓度30 g/L、液膜萃取时间 15 min;酸析沉降时,废水pH l.0,酸析沉降时间30 min;络合萃取时,络合萃取剂(烷基叔胺N235与煤油的混合液)中烷基叔胺N235体积分数30％,络合萃取剂与废水的体积比1∶4,废水pH l.0,络合萃取时间30 min.在此最佳处理条件下,废水COD总去除率可达93％,吡啶去除率达99.9％以上,总磷去除率可达97％,BOD5/COD提高至0.32,有利于后续生化处理.     

废SCR催化剂中钒和钨的有机酸浸出

在对废SCR催化剂组成进行分析的基础上,采用草酸和酒石酸两种有机酸浸取废SCR催化剂中的V和W。实验结果表明：草酸对V、W的浸出率均大于酒石酸;在草酸浓度为1.00 mol/L、浸取温度为80 ℃、液固比为10 mL/g、浸取时间为180 min时,V和W的浸出率分别为63.50%和13.12%;在酒石酸浓度为0.5 mol/L、浸取温度为100 ℃、液固比为10 mL/g、浸取时间为180 min时,V和W的浸出率分别为44.00%和9.00%。酸性浸出未改变SCR催化剂中TiO₂的晶型,剩余残渣中依然保留着TiO₂骨架,可继续作为催化剂载体使用。     

模拟酸雨对土壤修复中重金属淋溶特征及土壤持水能力的影响

以磷酸二氢钾（PDP）钝化后的重金属污染土壤为研究对象,通过室内土柱淋溶和土壤吸水实验,考察pH为3.1、4.6和5.1的模拟酸雨对污染土壤修复过程中重金属淋溶特征及土壤持水能力的影响。实验结果表明：PDP处理显著增加了淋出液的pH、电导率、TOC和正磷酸盐态磷（ZP）含量,在淋溶初期显著降低了淋出液的Cu、Cd和Pb含量,但在淋溶后期增大了Pb含量;土壤持水量与电导率、pH、TOC和ZP含量呈现极显著负相关性;土壤修复过程中,有机质的淋失、盐分含量及pH的增大可引起土壤持水能力的减弱。     

草酸浸取废SCR催化剂制备光催化剂

采用草酸浸取废SCR催化剂,得到钛钨粉,制备Bi₂WO₆/钛钨粉复合光催化剂,考察了其对罗丹明B的光催化降解性能。制备光催化剂的优化工艺条件为：采用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为表面活性剂,n（Bi₂WO₆）∶n（钛钨粉）=2∶1,前驱液pH为5,水热反应时间为18 h。在此条件下制备的光催化剂在可见光下降解罗丹明B,反应 60 min,罗丹明B降解率达94.30%。表征结果显示：钛钨粉小颗粒散落在Bi₂WO₆片表面,为光催化反应提供了更多的活性位点;Bi₂WO₆和钛钨粉两者结合可提高光生电子和空穴的分离效率,进而提高催化剂的光催化活性。Bi₂WO₆/钛钨粉光催化剂对罗丹明 B 的降解符合一级反应动力学规律。     

发烟硫酸贮罐清洗安全技术

根据事故隐患分析 ,采取安全措施 ,成功地用中和法清洗发烟硫酸贮罐 ,并提出了贮罐的改进措施。     

荧光灯厂醋酸丁酯废气治理

有机废气的化学吸收是使废物重新进入物质循环 ,避免二次污染并产生经济效益的环境工程方法。针对某市荧光灯厂工艺过程 ,分析研究了废气治理的各种方法 ,提出了用氨水吸收醋酸丁酯废气 ,转化生成乙酰胺和丁醇的吸收净化方案 ,并对生成物质进行回收利用     

Analysis of the relationship between ambient levels of O3, NO2 and NO as a function of NOx in the UK

Monitoring data from the UK Automatic Urban and Rural Network are used to investigate the relationships between ambient levels of ozone (O₃), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) as a function of NO_x, for levels ranging from those typical of UK rural sites to those observed at polluted urban kerbside sites. Particular emphasis is placed on establishing how the level of ‘oxidant’, OX (taken to be the sum of O₃ and NO₂) varies with the level of NO_x, and therefore to gain some insight into the atmospheric sources of OX, particularly at polluted urban locations. The analyses indicate that the level of OX at a given location is made up of NO_x-independent and NO_x-dependent contributions. The former is effectively a regional contribution which equates to the regional background O₃ level, whereas the latter is effectively a local contribution which correlates with the level of primary pollution. The local oxidant source has probable contributions from (i) direct NO₂ emissions, (ii) the thermal reaction of NO with O₂ at high NO_x, and (iii) common-source emission of species which promote NO to NO₂ conversion. The final category may include nitrous acid (HONO), which appears to be emitted directly in vehicle exhaust, and is potentially photolysed to generate HO_x radicals on a short timescale throughout the year at southern UK latitudes. The analyses also show that the local oxidant source has significant site-to-site variations, and possible reasons for these variations are discussed. Relationships between OX and NO_x, based on annual mean data, and fitted functions describing the relative contributions to OX made by NO₂ and O₃, are used to define expressions which describe the likely variation of annual mean NO₂ as a function of NO_x at 14 urban and suburban sites, and which can take account of possible changes in the regional background of O₃.     

青藏铁路景观视觉管理系统研究

铁路建设需要设置取(弃)土场、砂石料点、施工营地等工程场地,这些工程场地如果设计不合理,必将对沿线景观造成破坏,进而对视觉产生强烈的冲击。该文参考美国林务局的“视觉管理系统(VisualManagementSystem,VMS)”和美国土地管理局的“视觉管理(VisualResourcesMana-gement,VRM)”,利用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,结合新建青藏铁路沿线景观特点和工程场地的位置、面积、所处的坡度、相对于铁路的距离、沿铁路方向的长度以及相对于本底景观的对比度,建立了新建青藏铁路沿线的景观视觉管理系统,定量分析和评价了铁路建设工程可能对高原景观带来的冲击,并为修改和重新设计工程场地提出了指导性建议。     

有机黏土生物流化床处理对苯二甲酸废水

采用有机黏土为载体的两段三相生物流化床处理对苯二甲酸(TA),研究其处理有机污染物的能力.结果表明,在TA负荷低于3.5kg/(m3穌)时,有机黏土生物流化床能稳定运行,前段出水中TA和总有机碳(TOC)的去除率分别大于97%和96%.在高负荷时,有机黏土生物流化床平均去除率比不加黏土的活性污泥对照床高15%,出水水质也相对稳定.因此,有机黏土生物流化床是一种高效的生物反应器.