Start-up of PN-anammox system under low inoculation quantity and its restoration after low-loading rate shock

• PN-A was start-up under low inoculation amount and a higher NRR was achieved. • PN-anammox system was successfully restored by aggressive sludge discharge. • Increase in granular sludge was the important factor to rapid recovery. • Enrichment of AOB and AnAOB in granular sludge favors the stable operation. Partial nitritation (PN)-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a promising pathway for the biological treatment of wastewater. However, the destruction of the system caused by excessive accumulation of nitrate in long-term operation remains a challenge. In this study, PN-anammox was initialized with low inoculation quantity in an air-lift reactor. The nitrogen removal rate of 0.71 kgN/(m³·d) was obtained, which was far higher than the seed sludge (0.3 kgN/(m³·d)). Thereafter, excess nitrate build-up was observed under low-loading conditions, and recovery strategies for the PN-anammox system were investigated. Experimental results suggest that increasing the nitrogen loading rate as well as the concentration of free ammonium failed to effectively suppress the nitrite oxidation bacteria (NOB) after the PN-anammox system was disrupted. Afterwards, effluent back-flow was added into the reactor to control the up-flow velocity. As a result, an aggressive discharge of sludge that promoted the synergetic growth of functional bacteria was achieved, leading to the successful restoration of the PN-anammox system. The partial nitritation and anammox activity were in balance, and an increase in nitrogen removal rate up to 1.07 kgN/(m³·d) was obtained with a nitrogen removal efficiency of 82.4% after recovery. Besides, the proportion of granular sludge (over 200 mm) increased from 33.67% to 82.82%. Ammonium oxidation bacteria (AOB) along with anammox bacteria were enriched in the granular sludge during the recovery period, which was crucial for the recovery and stable operation of the PN-anammox system.     

Field tests to study the dynamics of weed inhibition of allelopathic rice and microbial physiological traits of rice rhizospheric soils北大核心CSCD

The weed inhibition of allelopathic rice PI312777 and nonallelopathic rice Lemont, allelopathic potential of rice rhizospheric soils, as well as the microbial physiological traits of rice rhizospheric soils, were studied by field tests after weedremoving and weed treatments. The results showed that the inhibitory rate of PI312777 at the 7-leaf stage on paddy weeds was 85.82%. Results of the Soil-Agar Sandwich method revealed that the allelopathic potential of PI312777 rhizospheric soils on the inhibitory rate of plant dry weight of barnyard grass was significantly higher at the 5-leaf stage than that at the 3-leaf stage, and increased by 20.16% from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage after weed treatment. When at the same leaf stage, the soil microbe biomass carbon and soil respiration, the number of soil bacteria, and activity of soil enzymes (urease, protease, and sucrase) were significantly higher in PI312777 rhizospheric soils than in Lemont rhizospheric soils; they were also higher after the weed-removing treatment than after weed treatment. The largest increase of soil allelopathic potentials and soil microbial physiological indexes in PI312777 rhizospheric soils appeared from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage. In case of weed treatment, the allelopathic potential of PI312777 rhizospheric soils on the soil microbe biomass carbon, soil respiration, the number of soil bacteria, activity of urease, activity of protease, and activity of sucrase increased by 53.11%, 51.56%, 38.97%, 44.83%, 60.00%, and 41.92%, respectively, from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage. These results indicated that rice allelopathy had a close relationship with the activity of rhizospheric soils. Rice allelochemicals lead to the change of soil microbes; rice allelopathy is a process based on plant-soil interaction. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

纳米金属氧化物对土壤酶活性的影响研究进展

纳米金属氧化物的大量生产和广泛应用使其不可避免地进入环境中,土壤是其释放到环境中主要的汇。纳米颗粒由于尺寸效应,具有许多独特的物理化学性质,其进入环境后潜在的生态和健康风险问题日益受到研究者的关注。土壤酶是土壤生物化学过程的主要参与者,也是生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中最活跃的生物活性物质。土壤酶活性的变化能反映土壤中生化反应的情况,可作为评价土壤中纳米材料污染状况的生物学指标。本文较系统地回顾和总结了纳米金属氧化物对土壤酶活性的影响及可能的影响途径,探讨了纳米金属氧化物作用于土壤酶的主要影响途径,并展望了未来研究主要发展方向。     

中国农业机械的使用特征及其尾气排放的时空分布

我国农业机械保有量巨大且其尾气排放不容忽视.了解其使用特征、分析其尾气排放的时空分布,对提高非道路机械尾气排放清单准确性、制定减排政策具有重要意义.本研究通过实际调研获取我国农业机械的活动水平,并在此基础上分析其活动水平与机械类型、车龄、分布地区之间的关系,以此量化其使用特征;使用BP神经网络的方法预测我国2020—2025年农业机械保有量,结合调研的活动水平和收集的排放因子数据,估算我国2020—2025年农业机械尾气污染物排放清单;基于各省份农业机械保有量、活动水平的差异,探讨我国农业机械尾气排放的空间分布.研究结果表明：①我国农业机械的使用因机械类型、车龄、分布地区等因素的影响存在较大的变化性.农业机械的年均工作时间可在217~1721 h·a^-1之间变化,单台机械年均耗油量可在0.2~10.5 t·a^-1之间变化.②据本研究预测,2020年后,我国农业机械保有量将持续增长,受排放标准提升、老旧机械淘汰等减排措施的影响,其尾气排放呈下降趋势,到2025年,农业机械CO、HC、NO_x和PM_2.5排放将比2020年下降0.1%~26.2%.③与地区的农业机械保有量密切相关,河南、山东、安徽的农业机械尾气排放量最大.与春季相比,秋季各省份农业机械尾气排放更为显著.     

甲烷生物燃料电池的产电影响因素及机制研究

考察了阳极电极材料、电极面积、电极电位、pH、阴极电子受体对甲烷生物燃料电池（MFC）产电性能的影响,并通过高通量测序、循环伏安法（CV）分析了其可能的电催化机制.结果表明,透气布/碳布（GTC）复合材料为阳极时产电性能（1251.3 mA·m^-2）最佳,分别是石墨烯/中空纤维膜（G-HFM）阳极（34.8 mA·m^-2）和碳布（CC）阳极（3.21 mA·m^-2）的36倍和390倍;阳极面积越大,MFC启动时间越快,电流密度越大;当电极恒电位为0.1 V （vs.SHE）时,其产电能力较-0.1、+0.3及+0.5 V时高;pH=7最有利于产电;溶解氧为MFC阴极电子受体时,最大功2率密度（703.9 mW·m^-2）优于铁氰化钾（457.2 mW·m^-2）、空气阴极（124.2 mW·m^-2）和高锰酸钾（20.7 mW·m^-2）作为电子受体的MFC.阳极室微生物群落结构分析显示,电活性细菌Geobacter（17.14%）和Desulfovibrio（8.51%）为优势种,其产电机理可能是甲烷氧化菌（Methanobacterium、Methylomicrobium等）与电活性细菌协同氧化甲烷驱动MFC产电.添加NO气体、N-乙酰蛋氨酸和蛋白酶K均可明显抑制阳极生物膜的电化学活性,表明其胞外电子传递过程依赖细胞色素c、Ni-Fe氢酶及与电极接触的外膜蛋白的介导作用.     

磁场强化曝气生物滤池处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

本研究采用普通陶粒、普通陶粒外加静态磁场（50 mT）和磁性陶粒（2.5 mT和5 mT）曝气生物滤池处理高浓度氨氮废水,对比研究了不同类型和强度的磁场强化下曝气生物滤池的硝化反硝化效果,并通过分子生物学手段系统分析了磁场强化硝化反硝化的微生物学机理.结果表明,随着氨氮浓度增加,磁场强化下曝气生物滤池硝化反硝化效果显著高于普通陶粒曝气生物滤池.当氨氮浓度提高到400 mg·L^-1时,磁场强化曝气生物滤池（磁性陶粒和外加静态磁场）的氨氮去除率大于97%,高于普通陶粒曝气生物滤池的氨氮去除率（88%）;磁场强度为2.5 mT的磁性陶粒曝气生物滤池的总氮去除率达到67%,显著高于其他3个曝气生物滤池（p<0.05）（分别为55%、54%和55%）.分子生物学检测结果表明,2.5 mT磁场强度的磁性陶粒上生物膜的硝化反硝化酶活性和功能基因丰度大幅提高,硝化反硝化细菌的丰度及多样性显著增加.     

青岛近岸表层海水和潮滩沉积物中微塑料的分布及其影响因素

微塑料（<5 mm）是一种备受关注的新兴污染物.目前微塑料在山东近岸的分布规律和影响因素尚不明确.本文选取青岛市红岛水产养殖区海域、李村河口附近海域、团岛污水处理厂海域、麦岛沙滩附近海域的表层海水和潮滩沉积物为研究对象,通过现场采样、密度浮选分离、显微镜观察、傅里叶红外测定等方法,揭示青岛近岸表层海水和潮滩沉积物中微塑料的分布规律及其影响因素.结果表明,4个区域表层海水中微塑料丰度从小到大为麦岛（1439个·m^-3）<李村河口（7209个·m^-3）<团岛（12785个·m^-3）<红岛（16869个·m^-3）,潮滩沉积物中微塑料的丰度从小到大为麦岛（1517个·m^-2）<团岛（1794个·m^-2）<红岛（2244个·m^-2）<李村河口（2789个·m^-2）.分析表明,青岛近岸小粒径微塑料（<1 mm）的含量最多;白色是青岛近岸微塑料的主要颜色;纤维在海水和潮滩沉积物中的含量最高,分别占海水和沉积物中微塑料的62.76%和59.92%;表层海水中聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯类塑料的比例最大,主要来自于海洋渔业和海洋运输业,潮滩沉积物中聚丙烯的比例最大,主要来自水产养殖业和旅游业.不同采样区域的主要人类活动的种类和强度不同,影响了微塑料的丰度和种类;不同环境介质（海水、潮滩沉积物）的自然条件不同（紫外线照射时间和强度、风化作用等）,影响了微塑料的颜色、粒径、形状和分布规律.     

有机无机氮配施对不同程度盐渍土硝化和反硝化作用的影响

以内蒙古河套灌区轻度盐渍土S₁（EC=0.62 dS·m^-1）及中度盐渍土S₂（EC=1.17 dS·m^-1）为对象,研究硝化和反硝化进程对盐渍化程度和有机无机氮配施比例的响应及其影响因素.本试验设置了6个处理,包括不施氮（CK）、单施无机氮（U₁）以及用有机氮（U₃O₁、U₁O₁、U₁O₃和O₁）替代25%、50%、75%和100%的无机氮.结果表明,盐度升高会降低土壤硝化势而提高土壤反硝化能力,同一处理S₁土壤硝化潜势较S₂土壤高出28.81%~69.67%,而反硝化能力降低17.16%~88.91%.盐度升高会降低AOB丰度及硝化贡献率,但会增加AOA丰度和硝化贡献率;盐度增加会提高土壤nirK和nirS型菌丰度,同时会增加N₂O/（N₂O+N₂）产物比,但会抑制nosZ丰度.S₁土壤,以U₁O₁处理硝化势和反硝化能力最大,较单施化肥增幅分别达到18.59%和15.87%;S₂土壤,各施肥处理之间土壤硝化势差异不显著,反硝化能力以O₁处理最大,较单施化肥提高88.26%.S₁和S₂盐渍土分别以U₁O₁及O₁处理获得较高的AOB基因丰度及硝化贡献率,且增大了nirS和nosZ基因丰度,并显著降低N₂O/（N₂O+N₂）产物比.综上,相比单施无机氮,轻度盐渍土以有机无机氮各半配施,中度盐渍土以单施有机氮更加利于土壤硝化反硝化过程进行.     

镨对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗根系生长和根系形态的影响

为了解稀土镨对镉胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)根系毒害的缓解效应,以水稻幼苗为实验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究了50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下不同浓度镨对水稻幼苗根系鲜质量、形态和根系活力的影响。结果表明,50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下,水稻根系生长受到明显的抑制,根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力明显降低,且随镉处理时间的延长,抑制程度加重。但镉对根系平均直径无明显影响。23～184μmol·L-1的镨对水稻镉毒害有一定的缓解效果,可不同程度的减轻镉对幼苗的伤害,促进了镉胁迫下根系鲜质量、根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积的增加,提高了根系活力,且随着处理时间的延长,缓解效应愈加明显,与单镉毒害相比,镨处理5天后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了0.92%～14.8%、1.61%～16.3%、2.57%～20.3%、1.52%～17.2%和3.71%～32.8%,处理10d后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了2.55%～31.2%、1.44%～21.4%、1.78%～27.2%、2.16%～23.4%和8.14%～52.9%;此外,23～184μmol·L-1的镨处理对直径≤1.0mm的根长和根表面积、直径0.5mmD≤1.0mm的根体积影响较大,其分别提高了0.9%～24.3%、1.9%～32.6%、0.4%～33.2%,其中以92μmol·L-1镨缓解效果最好。但随着镨浓度的进一步加大,当镨浓度达到230μmol·L-1时,反而会使水稻根系受到更严重的毒害。     

秃尾河流域径流衰减驱动力因子分析

掌握流域径流演变规律,探讨其影响因子,对流域水资源合理开发利用和科学管理具有重要的意义。论文依据秃尾河流域1956—2010年径流、降水资料以及榆林站1956—2010年气温资料,采用高桥浩一郎公式计算了流域蒸散发量,利用Kendall秩次检验法分析了流域降雨、径流和蒸发的趋势演变特性;采用主成分分析法研究了多因子对流域径流衰减的影响;建立了径流衰减量与主要影响因子之间的统计模型。结果表明：1）流域径流量呈显著减少趋势,而蒸发量和降水量减少趋势不显著;2）在径流衰减驱动力因子中,人类活动因子权重为71.1%,而气候因子权重为28.9%,各驱动力因子对径流衰减的贡献率由大到小依次为：林草>梯田>坝地>流域用水量>年降水量>年蒸发量;3）径流衰减量与林草、梯田的指数回归模型能较好地反映径流衰减量与驱动力因子之间的定量关系,可以为流域治理和水资源开发利用提供科学依据。