全国土壤侵蚀量估算及其在吸附态氮磷流失量匡算中的应用

应用土壤流失方程(USLE),根据我国土壤水力侵蚀分类分级标准,建立了大尺度区域土壤侵蚀量的估算模型;基于GIS技术平台,利用土壤普查数据,构建了全国表层土壤氮磷含量数据库,完成了2000年全国境内水土流失影响下吸附态氮磷的流失量估算.经数据合理性分析验证后得出以下结论:(1)全国因水土流失引发的吸附态氮素和磷素的流失总量分别达到104.22×104t和34.65×104t;(2)长江、珠江和黄河三大流域的吸附态氮、磷流失量之和分别占全国总量的83%和89%,单位面积(1km2)吸附态氮、磷的流失量分别介于6.0×10-4～0.53t和2.1×10-4～0.13t之间;(3)吸附态氮的重点流失区主要分布在长江中上游水土易蚀区、黄河中游沟壑区、西辽河上游区、珠江流域红水河、西江等上游区以及怒江、澜沧江下游区.     

MAP法处理氨氮废水最佳条件的研究

MAP法是一种比较新颖有效的处理氨氮的方法，该方法是通过化学沉淀的方式使废水中的氨氢浓度降到很低。而且沉淀反应不受温度、水中毒素的限制。由单项试验以及正交实验的方法对MAP法处理氨氮废水的工艺进行优化研究，结果表明，在pH=8.5，反应时间为3h,Mg:N:P=1:3:1.0:1.1时为较佳反应条件；氨氮的去除率随着反应时间的增加而增加，随着Mg:N比值的增加而增加。     

城市固体废物生物处理方法及其可行性

生物反应堆是通过强化微生物转化和降解有机废物的能力进行处理固体废物的一种方法。本文分别对好氧生物处理、厌氧生物处理和兼性生物处理的机理、影响因素以及各污染物质的迁移转化规律进行综合分析。研究表明生物反应堆具有明显的社会、环境、经济效益，是实现可持续发展的一条重要途径，为以后的研究和应用提供可靠的理论依据。     

GROUND WATER NITRATE REDUCTION IN GIANT CANE AND FOREST RIPARIAN BUFFER ZONES1

ABSTRACT: Ground water contamination by excess nitrate leaching in row‐crop fields is an important issue in intensive agricultural areas of the United States and abroad. Giant cane and forest riparian buffer zones were monitored to determine each cover type's ability to reduce ground water nitrate concentrations. Ground water was sampled at varying distances from the field edge to determine an effective width for maximum nitrate attenuation. Ground water samples were analyzed for nitrate concentrations as well as chloride concentrations, which were used as a conservative ion to assess dilution or concentration effects within the riparian zone. Significant nitrate reductions occurred in both the cane and the forest riparian buffer zones within the first 3.3 m, a relatively narrow width. In this first 3.3 m, the cane and forest buffer reduced ground water nitrate levels by 90 percent and 61 percent, respectively. Approximately 40 percent of the observed 99 percent nitrate reduction over the 10 m cane buffer could be attributed to dilution by upwelling ground water. Neither ground water dilution nor concentration was observed in the forest buffer. The ground water nitrate attenuation capabilities of the cane and forest riparian zones were not statistically different. During the spring, both plant assimilation and denitrification were probably important nitrate loss mechanisms, while in the summer nitrate was more likely lost via denitrification since the water table dropped below the rooting zone.     

影响稻飞虱迁飞规律的气象环境成因

稻飞虱的迁飞与气象环境因素的关系十分密切。对与稻飞虱的迁飞规律相关的国内外研究成果进行了归纳总结，综合评述了气候条件对中国稻飞虱迁飞规律的影响。稻飞虱绝大部分集中在黄昏时分起飞，90．5％的稻飞虱集中在黄昏日落前20分钟内起飞，地面温度达25℃时起飞频繁。温度的空间分布决定了稻飞虱可以迁飞的空问区域，迁飞的上限高度为15℃等温线，稻飞虱空中群集的最适宜温度为17℃左右，且在最大风速层中迁飞，高湿度有利于其迁飞。迁入时期的强下沉气流及降雨可迫使稻飞虱大量降落。空中的风速是稻飞虱迁飞的动力速度。在我国，西南风和东北风对稻飞虱的南北迁飞起运载作用，副热带高压在我国境内的北进南退，是稻飞虱完成一次往返迁飞的动力。我国稻飞虱发生较重的年份大多出现在3—5月副高较强的年份。气候变暖、海温异常等大尺度气象因子主要通过影响大范围的气候环境来间接影响稻飞虱的发生与消长。     

A Sensitivity Analysis of Nitrogen Losses from Dairy Farms

International attention has focused on agricultural production systems as non-point sources of pollution affecting the quality of streams, estuaries and ground water resources. The objective of the current study was to develop a model of nitrogen management on the dairy farm, and to perform sensitivity analyses in order to determine the relative importance of manipulating herd nutrition, manure management and crop selection in reducing nitrogen (N) losses from the farm. The importance of the method of N input to the farm (purchased feed, legume fixation, inorganic fertilizer, imported manure) was investigated, and the potential to reduce N losses from dairy farms was evaluated. Nitrogen balance equations were derived, and related efficiency coefficients were set to reference values representing common management practices. Total farm N efficiency (animal product N per N input), and N losses per product N were determined for different situations by solving the set of simultaneous equations. Improvements in animal diet and management that increase the conversion of feed N to animal product by 50% would increase total farm N efficiency by 48% and reduce N losses per product by 36 to 40%. In contrast, reducing losses from manure collection, storage and application to improve the percentage of manure N that becomes available in soil by 100% would only improve total farm N efficiency by 13% and reduce total N losses by 14%. Selecting crops and management that can use soil nutrients 50% more efficiently would improve total farm efficiency by up to 59% and reduce N losses by up to 41% depending on the predominant nitrogen sources to the farm. Legume production would reduce N losses per product compared with non-legumes. There was more than a five fold difference in N losses per animal product N between the most extreme scenarios suggesting considerable opportunity to reduce N losses from dairy farms.     

NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENTS,SOUTH PLATTE RWER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Accurate data about nutrient concentrations in wastewater treatment plant effluents are needed for river basin water-quality studies. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program in the South Platte River Basin, nutrient data were requested from 31 wastewater-treatment plants located in the basin. This article describes the types of nutrient data available from the plants, examines the variability of effluent nutrient concentrations, and discusses methods for estimation of nutrient concentrations where data are lacking. Ammonia was monitored at 88 percent of the plants, nitrite plus nitrate was monitored at 40 percent of the plants, and organic nitrogen and phosphorus were monitored at less than 25 percent of the plants. Median total nitrogen concentrations and median total phosphorus concentrations were small compared to typical literature estimates for wastewater-treatment plants with secondary treatment. Nutrient concentrations in effluent from wastewater-treatment plants varied widely between and within plants. For example, ammonia concentrations varied as much as 5 mg/L during a day, as much as 10 mg/L from day to day, and as much as 30 mg/L from summer to winter within a plant. In the South Platte River Basin, estimates of median annual ammonia and nitrite plus nitrate concentrations can be improved based on plant processes; and nitrite plus nitrate and organic nitrogen concentrations can be estimated based on ammonia concentrations. However, to avoid large estimation errors, more complete nutrient data from wastewater-treatment plants are needed for integration into river basin water quality studies. The paucity of data hinders attempts to evaluate the relative importance of point source and nonpoint source nutrient loadings to rivers.     

人工湿地污水处理系统脱氮研究进展

系统地介绍了人工湿地去除污水中氮污染物的机理及国内外研究进展，详细阐述了影响人工湿地污水处理系统脱氮的内、外界因素，对于人工湿地污水处理工艺的推广应用提供科学依据。     

含油污泥固化处理后油的迁移研究

利用紫外分光光度计和索氏抽提器,研究了温度、土壤含水率以及水泥与污泥的不同比例等因素在不同时间对含油污泥固化后油迁移的影响。试验结果表明:对于强度为3.84MPa的污泥固化块,油的迁移量从240h迁移6.8mg变为480h迁移178mg,之后变化较小。在20℃～30℃时,随着温度的增加,迁移量从6.8mg增加到20.6mg,超过30℃以后迁移量的增幅变小。水泥与污泥的比例从1∶0.8增加到1∶1.4,油的迁移量从256mg降到27.2mg,之后未检测到。960h后,迁移量达到348mg,此时土壤中油含量为1.16%,在环境的自净作用下,土壤能完全容纳;强度大于9.56MPa时未检测到油。这表明用固化法处理油田含油污泥是安全可靠的。     

氯碱工业三氯化氮控制技术研究

三氯化氮（NCl3）是液氯生产中的一种副产物,是生产和使用过程中能够引起爆炸危害的一种易爆物质.其安全监控与防治的重要,已被我国氯碱科技工作者认同而获得共识.尽管如此,我国氯碱工业生产中三氯化氮爆鸣、爆炸事故还在经常发生,安全隐患尚未得到彻底的解决,对生产设备造成了严重的破坏,并造成不同程度的人员伤亡和氯气泄漏事故,损失惨重,危害极大.因此就三氯化氮的性能、爆炸与危害,主要来源、预防措施与消除方法进行了较为详尽的阐述.