水生植物毒性试验及在生态风险评价中的作用

综述了利用大型水生毒性试验的主要技术和方法，地其在环境监测和评价中的特点进行分析，讨论了它在污染物生态风险评价中的作用和地位，并介绍国内外对水生植物生态毒理学研究和应用现状及发展趋势。     

Utilization of Bagasse Energy in Thailand

Bagasse, a biomass fuel, is the waste generated by the sugar-making process from sugar cane. Sugar making is one of the most important agricultural-produce processing industries for developing countries in Southeast Asia, Latin America and Africa. As sugar producing plants need electric power and process steam, co-generation using bagasse as an alternate fuel for petroleum has been in use for some time. Thailand recently became one of the largest sugar exporters by enlarging plant capacities and improving equipment, thus reducing its production cost. In addition, the Thai government promotes power generation using bagasse as a means to combat global warming by raising the purchase price of the surplus power. The industry is in the process of further raising the plant capacity, and improving the power-generating efficiency. This will enable a plant to generate more electric power than its in-plant need so that the surplus power can be sold to the commercial grid. It also plans to become a local power supplier during off-season of sugar making by adding a condensing turbine generator. A typical Thai sugar plant of the latest design generates steam of 4Mpa at the bagasse boiler outlet with the temperature of 400°C at 84% boiler efficiency. With the bagasse LHV of 7,540 kJ/kg and that of fuel oil 41, 840 kJ/kg, and taking 90%as oil-burning boiler efficiency, 5.95 kg of bagasse would replace 1 kg of oil. The Kyoto Mechanism defines CO₂ generation by fuel oil as 2.65 kg per liter. Using 0.85for the specific gravity of fuel oil, the amount of CO₂ generation will be 3.12 kg-CO₂/kg. Therefore, CO₂reduction per ton of bagasse in terms of fuel oil will be: 3.12/5.95 =0.524 kg-CO₂/kg-bagasse. As 1 kg of bagasse generates 2 kg of steam, the CO₂reduction of a 100t/h steam boiler will be112,660 ton/year for an annual operation of4,300 hours, as follows. 0.524 × 100/2 = 26.2 t-CO₂/h, 26.2 × 4,300 =112,660 t-CO₂/year. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

蚯蚓-菌根相互作用对土壤-植物系统中Cd迁移转化的影响

以灰化土(Aquods soil)为供试土壤,分别加入4种含量的Cd2 (0、5、10、20 mg·kg-1)模拟土壤污染,设置单独加8条蚯蚓(Pheretima sp.)、单独接种菌根(Inoculum Endorize-Mix2)、同时接种蚯蚓和菌根的3种处理,以不加蚯蚓和菌根为对照,各处理均种植黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum),研究蚯蚓、菌根相互作用对土壤-植物系统中Cd迁移转化的影响.结果表明:(1)菌根对土壤pH无明显影响,加蚯蚓可使土壤pH比对照约降低0.2,蚯蚓和菌根同时作用对土壤pH降低没有协同作用.(2)蚯蚓或菌根的加入均能显著增加土壤中可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量,蚯蚓的影响大于菌根,同时加入蚯蚓和接种菌根对土壤中DOC的增加有一定的拮抗作用.(3)蚯蚓活动增加了黑麦草根部Cd的积累,菌根则能促进Cd从黑麦草根部向地上部转移,二者具有促进Cd向地上部分转移的协同作用.(4)蚓粪和土壤中DTPA提取态Cd含量与黑麦草吸收Cd量呈显著相关(p＜0.01),而蚓粪中DTPA提取态Cd含量均显著高于土壤中的含量(p＜0.05).因此,蚓粪中有效态Cd是植物吸收Cd的重要供源.     

长江口九段沙湿地原生植被的保护及开发利用

研究了长江口九段沙湿地的原生植被,结果表明,九段沙湿地植被多行无性繁殖;植物种群数量少,同一种群中多同生群植物;植物群落结构简单、群落演替的原生特征明显;植被的相对密度大、生物量高,植物中多属可开发利用的资源植物,具有开发利用的潜在特性;九段沙原生植被在上海市、江苏省的部分地域的空气质量改善过程中起着重要作用;其湿地植被一旦得以生态型开发利用,有利于营造一个鸟类栖息、觅食的乐园,可减缓浦东国际机场迁徙鸟类活动的压力。提出了保护和开发利用九段沙原生植被必须遵循的原则。     

Degradation of Populus euphratica community in the lower reaches of the Tarim River, Xinjiang, China

IntroductionRiparian systems are aquatic-terrestrial ecotones withunique biotic , biophysical and landscape characteristics(Gregory, 1991 ; Naiman, 1997 ; Wiens , 2002) and areshaped by fluvial geomorphic processes . Riparian plantcommunities perform an i…     

炼油污水气浮絮凝处理中试

气浮絮凝是炼油污水处理工艺中重要的一步 ,它是确保炼油污水生化处理顺利运行的关键 ,而开发和筛选优良的絮凝剂则又是提高气浮处理效果的保证。采用无机—有机复合絮凝剂进行炼油污水的中试试验 ,通过一系列条件试验 ,确定了复合絮凝剂投药剂量、投药间隔时间和投药方式 ,取得了令人满意的试验效果 ,CODCr的去除率 5 5 % ,石油类去除率 >75 % ,为后续的生化处理提供了合格的水质     

小型硫磺回收装置的设计与试运

介绍寒冷地区小型硫磺回收的设计特点，包括选用一、二、三级冷凝器同壳、低噪音鼓风机；试生产中的改进经验，包括过程气用蒸汽夹套保温，带有硫封的被硫储罐．     

钙镁磷肥对土壤中镉形态转化与水稻吸镉的影响

酸性镉污染水田施用不同用量的钙镁磷肥的田间试验表明:土壤中交换态镉的分配系数随钙镁磷肥用量的增加而降低,呈显著负相关(r,-0.9314);碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态镉的分配系数则呈显著正相关(r,0,9395)。而土壤中有效态镉含量与钙镁磷肥用量则呈显著负相关(r,-0.8853)。镉污染水田一次性投加高量钙镁磷肥后,可使土壤pH显著升高,交换态镉分配系数明显下降,碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态镉分配系数明显升高,导致土壤中有效态镉含量大幅度下降,从而大大减少水稻植株的吸镉量。     

江宁开发区污水处理厂二期调试运行

江宁开发区污水处理厂建设规模为4万m^3／d，分两期建成，采用氧化沟处理工艺，污泥处理采用不经消化的带式脱水工艺。在此主要叙述了各工艺构筑物的设备配置、功能、设计参数及二期工程的试运行情况。     

糖厂废醪液蔗地施肥的效应

糖厂根据当地的自然条件和工农关系 ,采用施肥法资源化利用废醪液 ,是最为经济的污水治理方法。