The culture of compound bioflocculant and the analysis of its activated components

利用农业固体废弃物秸秆类纤维素为原料制备复合型生物絮凝剂（CBF）,优化了CBF的培育条件。同时解析了CBF活性物质在发酵液中的分布,并对CBF的活性组分进行了研究。结果表明,在高效纤维素降解菌HIT-3的作用下,秸秆类纤维素发酵3天产糖量达到高峰,此时接入CBF产生菌于灭菌后的纤维素发酵液中,在30℃、140r/min的旋转式摇床上培养36h,整个过程中只需将纤维素发酵培养基的pH值调节到7.2。在上述条件下CBF可获得较优的絮凝效果;多糖是CBF的主要组成成分,CBF的热稳定性良好。其絮凝活性物质主要分布在上清液中。     

铁氮掺杂碳纳米管/纤维复合物制备及其催化氧还原的效果

阴极催化剂是影响微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)性能的关键因素.通过研究制备成本低廉、氧还原反应(ORR)催化活性高的阴极催化剂来替代Pt/C对于实现MFC规模化应用具有重大意义.研究采用化学气相沉淀法,以三聚氰胺作为碳氮前驱物、以黑珍珠2000或乙炔炭黑作为碳源,外加醋酸亚铁作为铁前驱物,合成了两种铁氮掺杂碳纳米管/纤维复合物(FeNCB和FeNCC),作为MFC的阴极催化剂.通过循环伏安法和旋转圆盘-环电极分析FeNCB、FeNCC和Pt/C的ORR催化活性的差异,并用MFC验证其差异.结果表明,FeNCB性能与Pt/C相当,优于FeNCC,其催化路径是通过4电子途径催化氧还原反应;MFC-FeNCB性能略优于MFC-Pt/C,显著优于MFC-FeNCB有助于MFC的扩大化,其最大功率密度为1 212.8mW·m~(-2),开路电压为0.875 V,电池稳定电压为(0.500±0.025)V.用X射线衍射、X射线光电子光谱、拉曼光谱等进一步分析显示,复合物中碳纳米管管径的大小、铁氮掺杂的类型和含量以及氧含量是引起制备的复合物催化氧还原性能差异的原因所在.     

Novel Biocomposites Sheet Molding Compounds for Low Cost Housing Panel Applications

Biocomposites were made by a novel high volume processing technique named biocomposite sheet molding compound panel (BCSMCP) manufacturing process. This process design was inspired by the commercial glass fiber–polyester resin composite fabrication method called sheet molding compounding (SMC). This process yields continuous production of biocomposites on a large scale, and thus can be easily adopted in industries. A unique fiber dispersion method, which enabled uniform distribution of natural fibers, was used in this process. Consistency of the process was tested by evaluating the repeatability of the resultant materials mechanical properties. The low cost biocomposites produced as a result of the processing will be used for various panel applications such as housing and transportation. The molded samples were tested for various mechanical and thermal properties, in accordance with ASTM procedures. The biocomposites were made with various natural fibers including, big blue stem grass, jute, and industrial hemp. By combining different natural fibers in varying mass fractions, hybrid biocomposites were made using this process. Grass fiber reinforced polyester biocomposites processed by the SMC line showed very promising results.     

中国加油站VOC排放污染现状及控制

应用排放因子法估算了2002年度全国加油站VOC的排放量.在综合考虑经济,社会,人口等各方面因素后,通过调整现有的活动水平估算了未来20a内全国的燃油消耗情况,以及VOC排放的增长趋势.结果表明:2002年我国加油站VOC排放量为187.6×10³t,由此造成的经济损失达到了7.5×10⁸元人民币.在维持现有控制水平情况下,到2030年VOC排放量将达到1196×10³t,经济损失高达47.8×10⁸元人民币.比较了StageⅠ、StageⅡ油气回收系统以及ORVR的回收效率和成本,并对其可行性和经济适用性进行分析.结果表明:这3种回收技术的引进将会大规模的消减加油站VOC的排放,并且选择性的措施组合能够取得更好的效果.相对于StageⅡ回收系统,ORVR的效率更高费用更低.但是ORVR的引进需要比StageⅡ更长的时间,为了达到80%的普及率至少需要11a左右.为在短期内达到一定的控制要求,可优先考虑StageⅡ回收技术;但是从长期的环境和经济效应来看,ORVR才是最终的选择.     

有机改性粘土去除赤潮生物的机制研究

研究了季铵化合物改性粘土的制备条件对其去除赤潮藻效果的影响,探讨了该粘土体系高效除藻的机制.实验表明,十六烷基三甲基铵(HDTMA)可以有效地提高粘土的絮凝能力,同时HDTMA改性粘土中含有亚稳态HDTMA,增加了该改性粘土对赤潮生物的灭杀能力.改性粘土去除赤潮藻的能力与所吸附季铵化合物的杀藻能力、吸附量正相关,当老化时间延长、吸附季铵化合物稳定性增强时改性粘土除藻能力大大降低.结构不同的粘土对于吸附HDTMA的稳定化产生的空间阻力不同,在吸附量相同的情况下3层结构的蒙脱土中会有更多的亚稳态HDTMA产生;由于同离子效应,反应介质中高价金属阳离子的存在提高了亚稳态HDTMA的量,因此相应的改性粘土具有更高的赤潮藻去除能力.在60℃条件下吸附的HDTMA会更有效地占据粘土中的阳离子交换位,达到稳定态;而升高或降低温度都会有利于亚稳态HDTMA的出现,相应的改性粘土具有更高的赤潮藻去除能力.     

Modeling thermal analysis for predicting thermal hazards relevant to transportation safety and runaway reaction for 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile)

The pure decomposition behavior of 2,2′-azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) and its physical phase transformation were examined and discussed. The thermal decomposition of this self-reactive azo compound was explored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to elucidate the stages in the progress of this chemical reaction. DSC was used to predict the kinetic and process safety parameters, such as self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT), time to maximum reaction rate under adiabatic conditions (TMR_ad), and apparent activation energy (E_a), under isothermal and adiabatic conditions with thermal analysis models. Moreover, vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) was applied to examine the runaway reaction combined with simulation and experiments for thermal hazard assessment of AIBN. A thorough understanding of this reaction process can identify AIBN as a hazardous and vulnerable chemical during upset situations. The sublimation and melting of AIBN near its apparent onset decomposition temperature contributed to the initial steps of the reaction and explained the exothermic attributes of the peaks observed in the calorimetric investigation.     

内标法与外标法测定废气中挥发性有机化合物

目前采用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法测定废气中挥发性有机化合物时多使用外标法。实验对比了内标法与外标法测定时存在的差异,发现大多数VOCs内标法的回收率均高于外标法,且内标法的相对标准偏差普遍小于外标法,内标法测定的准确度和精密度均优于外标法。内标法的标准曲线可使用更长时间,对于大量样品的测定非常有利;而外标法必须每次测定时重新绘制新曲线。故废气中VOCs测定工作推荐使用内标法定量。     

徐州市生态环境问题及其自然、经济、社会原因分析

随着徐州工业化和城市化推进,不可持续的经济社会发展模式给原本脆弱的生态环境造成了极大压力,产生了诸多生态环境问题,区域人口、资源、环境之间的矛盾日趋尖锐。从区域整体角度,在对资源型城市徐州进行了大量调研的基础上,分析了徐州生态环境问题背后的自然、经济、社会原因,并提出相应对策建议。     

合成有机物结构-生物降解性关系的研究

本文综述了合成有机物生物降解性的研究方法.以及定性结构-生物降解性关系(SBR).重点综述了芳香类化合物的结构与生物降解性的关系.研究这一关系有助于有毒化学品生物降解性的预测.     

不同配方复合肥对胡椒生长效应的研究

1988—1990年在我国重要的胡椒产区——海南省万宁县,进行胡椒施用不同配方复合肥的田间试验。结果表明,N:P_2O_5:K_2O为12:6:13加微肥的配方是胡椒专用肥的较佳配方,施用效果柑当或优于N、P、K比为15:15:15的进口复合肥,比当地常规施肥增产20.2％,能节省肥料成本,有显著的经济效益,可在试区大面积推广。