基于EFDC的港口污水处理厂排放标准及排污口选划研究

污水处理厂的建立可避免污水直排对受纳水体的污染,但污水处理厂尾水的集中排放也会对水体造成污染,科学规划污水处理厂尾水排污口及排放标准尤其重要。以黄海北部地区某港口待建污水处理厂为研究对象,基于EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code)建立水动力及污染物输移扩散模型,定量评估不同排污口位置及排放标准下,尾水对港内水环境的影响。结果表明:港池内水体自净能力较差,排放口位于A点时,最适宜方案是GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级排放标准。     

SITING OF A WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITY AT JAMESTOWN,RHODE ISLAND1

ABSTRACT: The town of Jamestown, Rhode Island, located on Conanicut Island in Narragansett Bay, is constructing a secondary treatment plant in order to comply with NPDES regulations. Twelve candidate sites for the plant and marine outfall were initially proposed, and ability to meet State water quality standards at these sites was evaluated using an EPA buoyant plume model. A final outfall site, Taylor Point, was selected by the Town from among the sites considered acceptable. Taylor Point was then subjected to field hydrographic studies including drogue tracking, current recordings, and tracer dye surveys. Results of the measurement program served as input to a two-dimensional effluent dispersion model which predicted excess BOD, coliform, and suspended solids resulting from effluent discharge off Taylor Point. The model predictions demonstrated that State water quality standards can be maintained outside the initial discharge plume.     

MIXING INDUCED BY AN INTERNAL HYDRAULIC JUMP1

ABSTRACT The efficiency of an inverted internal hydraulic jump as a mixing and dispersion mechanism in an aquatic environment was examined. The flow considered was a two-dimensional buoyant flow from a shallow channel over a sloping bottom into a deep reservoir. It could be seen that a rapidly varied flow associated with violent turbulent mixing occurred near the point of discharge if specific discharge conditions and downstream controls were met. Downstream from the mixing zone the flow was stably stratified. The main object of the study was to find the conditions under which a turbulent mixing zone occurred and the rate of turbulent entrainment. Energy loss and length of the mixing zone were also investigated. The independent variables were the outlet densimetric Froude number, the density differential between outfall water and receiving water, the relative depths of the upper and lower layers in the stratified flow portion, the total depth, and the slope of the transition. Theoretical calculations had to be confined to a step increase in depth, but experiments in a laboratory flume showed that results obtained with slopes of 23° and 90° were quite similar. Both theory and experiments showed, for example, that dilution (entrainment rates) up to 2:1 (2 parts heated water to one part cold water) can be achieved at very little energy expense and with downstream depths approximately 8 times the outlet depth. Theoretically, any amount of dilution can be obtained, but large depths may be required. Experimental results also indicate that the length of the mixing zone was frequently ten times the value of the outlet densimetric Froude number.     

三峡库区重庆段某排污口下游污染物降解研究

采用室内实验测定和野外实测相结合的方法,选取高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)为污染物监测指标,进行了各污染物降解系数计算及降解规律的分析研究。结果表明:1)在野外实测中,岸边与河流中心的各污染物降解系数有着大致相同的变化趋势,但岸边的降解系数值明显小于河流中心各断面的降解系数值,对比发现,岸边和河流中心的温度、溶解氧、p H值的差距不明显,初步可以判断流速对污染物的降解影响较显著,且流速越大,降解系数也越大;2)室内实验测定中,流速在0.4~2.0 m/s,降解系数值伴随流速的增大而逐渐增加,与野外实测法所得规律相同,也反映出流速对污染物的降解有较显著影响。基于此,应用了结构方程模型定量研究污染物降解系数与影响因子间的响应关系,结果表明:流速对污染物降解的影响较大,为污染物降解较重要的影响因子之一。最后,以结构方程模型研究结果为依据,以影响较大的因子流速为自变量,降解系数为因变量,以野外现场实测的实验数据作为基础数据,拟合得出由流速确定河流污染物降解系数的经验公式,在研究条件范围内可运用这些经验公式迅速求出污染物降解系数。     

嘉兴市排海工程等截面扩散器淤积试验

由于地质、结构等原因，嘉兴市污水处理工程排放口拟采用等截面扩散器。结合该工程，运用模型相似、泥沙运动等理论，对排圹口等截面扩散器内泥沙淤积问题进行了浑水模型试验。在一定的排放量下，泥沙冲平衡时，扩散器内会形成高度沿程递增的泥沙淤积。对本工程，排放量小于３０万ｔ／ｄ时，泥沙淤积对上升管出流有影响：排放量为４５万ｔ／ｄ时，泥沙淤积对上升管出流无显影响。建议对工程提出减少淤积的改进措施。     

Chemical Characteristics and Source Implications of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminants in the Sediments near Major Drainage Outfalls along the Coastal of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, China

The associated industrial and urban developments are located to a large extent along the Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea coastal and raw sewage is often discharged into near shore waters with little treatment. To find out chemical characteristics and pollution source of the petroleum related contaminations in sediments near the major drainage outfalls located in the coastal, in this study, 10 surface sediment samples were collected during June. Sediment samples were extracted by organic solvents, separated by silica gel column chromatography and the concentrations and the profiles of n-alkane, biomarker and PAH in sediments were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD). The use of several molecular markers and related indexes derived for n-alkane and PAHs has been proposed for assessing the relative contributions to the environment of hydrocarbon sources. As a result, n-alkanes reflect that the sea area of paper mill (Station ZZ08) is dominated by vascular plant. DY petroleum oil field and outer shore of the paper mill (Station ZZ02) have some degrees of petroleum related hydrocarbon contamination. Whereas the contamination of the sea area of TH River may be ascribed to different sources such as territorial non-point pollution source, domestic sewages, and stormwater runoff. Judged by their PAH ratios, the sediments near the paper mill (Station ZZ02) and the outer station of the oil field (Staion TH2) were pyrolytic. The estuary of Tiao River including the inner Station THX, TH10 and TH05 are petrogenic. The marine sediment near DY drainage outfall may have a mixture source of PAH both pyrolytic and petrogenic.     

Environmental Impact on Coastal Waters off Rio De Janeiro Due to Sewage Discharge via Submarine Outfall

A survey was made in an area of 28 km² around the outlest of Ipanema's submarine outfall in order to evaluate the impact of the raw domestic sewage effluent on coastal waters. Nutrient concentrations, dissolved oxygen, particulate matter and other physico-chemical parameters were measured monthly for 15 months. Copper and lead concentrations were also determined for two of the samplings.

The outfall has been in operation for 18 years, and the parameters measured within the observation area appear to be in steady state. From the observed radial concentration gradients within the survey area, a real extension of the steady state distribution of particulate matter and of sewage-derived nitrogen was estimated. the stationary cloud of particulate organic matter was about 150 km². From its total inventory and the discharge rate, a mean residence time of the particles in the sea of 56 days is estimated, prior to their being decomposed by bacterial action or settling to the bottom. for sewage derived N (as ammonia or nitrate), the steady state amount (above background) covers an area of about 60 km² and leads to a mean residence time of 5 ± 1 days in the ocean. Phosphorus is readily absorbed by the phytoplankton.

The presence of temperature gradients established by cold upwelling waters controls the dispersion of the sewage material and the rising of the sewage plume to the surface waters.     

感潮河流的排污规划与管理模型研究

根据河流水质的差分模型,推导出一个感潮河流的排污规划与管理模型,它表现了河段上各排口允排量Ｐｊ与各排口单独排放时的允排量Ｙｊ的关系：ΣＰｊ／Ｙｊ＝１。文中用实例阐述了该模型的应用与验证情况,结果显示：该模型结构简单,容易计算,能方便地用于排污规划、管理与实时控制工作中。     

Pollution topography of chlorobenzenes and hexachlorobutadiene in sediments along the Kaohsiung coast, Taiwan--a comparison of two consecutive years' survey with statistical interpretation

Forty sediments were analyzed for chlorobenzenes (CBs) and hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) to investigate their pollution topography along the Kaohsiung coast, Taiwan. Maximum CB concentrations found, varied from 15.4 ng/g dw for 1,2,3-TCB to 56.8 ng/g dw for 1,2,4-TCB, while higher HCBD concentrations were detected among north-bound stations (around the exit of the Tsoying outfall pipe) and its concentration decreases from north to south. Compared to a previous survey executed a year before, there is no statistically significant difference in CB and HCBD congeners between these two surveys (p = 0.68–0.87, two-tailed paired t-test). The spatial distribution of toxic index reveals that biological effects might occur near Tsoying and Dalinpu outfall pipe outlets which dispose of petro-chemical wastewater. Evidence found in this study also shows distinct CB patterns from the two nearby sources, the Dalinpu outfall pipe outlet and the Kaoping estuary. Principal component analysis shows that four principal components conducting CBs and HCBD distribution were extracted. Both the first two components (accounted for 58.8% of the total variance), comprised all of the CBs except HCB (DCBs to PeCB), were found not capable of differentiating any distinct pollution source. On the other hand, HCBD and HCB were extracted as third and fourth components, respectively, pointing out their distinct sources in this area.     

污水排海工程生物监测

本文阐述了污水排海工程及其生物监测的必要性和优越性，描述了污水排海工程纳污海域的分区和生物学要求，并讨论了污水排海工程生物监测的基本内容。