重金属在牡蛎(Crassostrea virginica)中的生物积累及其影响因素的研究

牡蛎软体、贝壳和沉积物中Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｐｂ和Ｚｎ等重金属元素被同步分析研究．研究结果表明，重金属在牡蛎中的生物积累是牡蛎自身的新陈代谢、重金属元素的地球化学性质和环境诸因素综合影响的结果，其中牡蛎的生理作用对重金属在软体中的积累所产生的影响尤为重要，而贝壳中重金属的积累对来自环境的影响更为敏感．     

巨牡蛎(Crassostrea sp.)对燃煤电厂脱硫海水中汞的生物累积

研究了巨牡蛎(Crassostrea sp.)对配备烟气海水脱硫装置电厂的脱硫海水中汞(Hg)的生物累积.在电厂的排水口(实验点)和参考点分别吊养牡蛎群,定期采集样品,测定海水中的Hg浓度和牡蛎的Hg含量(均以干重计).实验点和参考点海水中的总汞(THg)浓度分别为(120.6±55.5)ng.L-1(n=5)和(2.7±1.0)ng.L-1(n=5),甲基汞(MeHg)的浓度分别为(0.30±0.44)ng.L-1(n=5)和(0.28±0.31)ng.L-1(n=5).在7 d内,实验点牡蛎体内THg含量从(138.3±14.3)ng.g-1(n=6)迅速增加到(3 012±289)ng.g-1(n=6),且在后来的34 d内,一直保持在2 935～4 490 ng.g-1的高含量水平;而参考点牡蛎对THg未见明显累积,为60.7～137.5 ng.g-1之间.暴露期间实验点牡蛎体内MeHg的含量未发生显著变化,保持在55.4～73.1 ng.g-1之间.而参考点牡蛎MeHg含量呈略微下降的趋势,但变化幅度不大,在15.6～55.6 ng.g-1之间.本研究表明,燃煤电厂排放的脱硫海水中的THg可被牡蛎迅速累积至很高的含量水平,有不容忽视的潜在风险.脱硫海水中MeHg的浓度很低,其在牡蛎体内未见明显累积;在本研究的条件下,未观测到牡蛎自身合成MeHg或将无机汞转化为MeHg.     

Autotrophic Biological Denitrification for Complete Removal of Nitrogen from Septic System Wastewater

The overall objective of this research was to develop a reliable, robust, and maintenance-free passive system for biological denitrification in on-site wastewater treatment systems. The process relies on sulfur oxidizing denitrifying bacteria in upflow packed bioreactors. Since this process consumes alkalinity, it is necessary to add a solid-phase buffer that can scavenge the H⁺ as it is generated by the biologically-mediated reaction and arrest the drop in the pH value. This study investigated the use of limestone, marble chips and crushed oyster shell as solid-phase buffers that provide alkalinity. Two bench-scale upflow column reactors and two field-scale bioreactors were constructed and packed with sulfur pellets and an alkalinity source. The pilot scale bioreactors (∼200 L each) were installed at the Massachusetts Alternative Septic System Test Center (MASSTC) in Sandwich, MA. The pilot-scale bioreactors performed better when oyster shell was used as the solid-phase buffer vis-à-vis marble chips. In both (pilot-scale and laboratory-scale) systems, denitrification rates were high with the effluent NO₃ ⁻ —N concentration consistently below 8 mg/L.     

1989~2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内Pb的时空分布及风险评价

通过对1989~2010年广东沿岸15个采样点牡蛎体内Pb含量的监测和有关历史资料,分析了粤东、珠江口和粤西沿岸海域牡蛎体内Pb的时空分布特征,并采用单因子指数和非致癌性风险指数法(NCHI)评价了Pb的食用风险.结果表明,广东沿海牡蛎体内Pb的浓度范围为N.D.~3.65mg/kg,总体平均值为0.41mg/kg,从总体看其出现频数呈偏正态分布.牡蛎体内Pb的年际变化呈现逐渐降低的趋势,从2001年后波动趋于平缓并有微弱的上升;其空间分布特征表现为珠江口>粤西3粤东的变化规律,具体表现为粤东和粤西牡蛎体内Pb浓度随时间延长均表现为明显的下降趋势,珠江口牡蛎体内Pb浓度从2006~2010年开始有明显的下降.单因子指数和非致癌性风险指数评价结果均表明,广东沿岸牡蛎体内Pb的浓度未产生明显污染,对人体不具有非致癌性风险.     

Source characterisation and mid-term spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in molluscs along the Basque coast (northern Spain)

The variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) measured in the soft tissues of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) are investigated. Samples were collected from estuarine waters within the Basque Country (Bay of Biscay), between 2003 and 2011. PAH bioaccumulation showed some seasonality and significant differences were observed between cold (autumn–winter) and warm (spring–summer) seasons. Sites located within the ports of Bilbao and Pasaia showed the highest PAH concentrations in molluscs, and the highest percentages of samples above the established Environmental Quality Standards and Environmental Assessment Criteria. Probably due to human activities carried out in the area, no clear trends were observed, between 2003 and 2011, for the autumn data. Since the Basque coast is an area with high population density and industrial activity, the congener profiles (which reveal the predominance of tetra-aromatics) and the diagnostic ratios identified urban/industrial combustion processes as the main PAH sources. However, natural and petrogenic sources cannot be disregarded.     

Metal Concentration in Oyster,Crassostrea Gigas,and Sediment in Ann-Ping Mariculture Ground,Taiwan

Abstract

This study was to assess the metal contamination in oyster tissue grown in the Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan. the information generated from this work also revealed general metal pollution problem for Taiwan's oyster farmers. Oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and surficial sediments collected from ten locations in Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan for metals concentration (Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Fe and Mn) were performed. Analytical results indicated that the yearly averaged oyster copper concentrations (μg g^?1, wet weight) in oyster soft parts from Ann-ping increased from 21.3±4.1 in 1993; 24.1±6.8 in 1994; 36.8±11.9 in 1995 to 43.9±23.1 μg g^?1, wet weight, in the 1996 raising season. the mean oyster copper concentration reached a level of 50 μg g^?1, wet weight, in December 1996. This increasing trend of metal concentration in oyster tissue indicates a potential pollution source which may pose a potential disaster as green oyster incidence, which occurred on the Charting coast in 1986, in Taiwan. Sediment samples in Ann-ping mariculture ground were also collected and examined. the seasonal variation of the copper concentration in surficial sediment from Ann-ping did not show an increasing trend as observed in oyster tissue.     

红树种植–养殖耦合系统牡蛎石油烃含量及红树净化效果

为减少滩涂养殖中的石油烃污染危害、提高水产品的品质,以珠江口滩涂红树林种植–养殖系统耦验示范研究基地A、B两系统的7个红树种植–养殖塘[包括桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorhiza)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)、红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)的单种或组合种植]为对象,采用荧光分光光度法监测了水体、底质及吊养的近江牡蛎(Ostrea rivularis)肉质的石油烃含量.结果表明,牡蛎体内石油烃含量在11.10~29.3 mg/kg之间;与水体中石油烃含量呈正相关(r=0.88),牡蛎能很好地指示水体水质状况.单种或组合种植秋茄、桐花树、木榄、红海榄4种红树植物能有效降低水体石油烃含量,与对照相比降幅为50%~80%;使牡蛎的石油烃含量受到不同程度的影响,与对照相比,红树种植塘牡蛎石油烃含量降幅在20%~60%不等.木榄和桐花树种植塘中,牡蛎中石油烃平均含量分别为11.20 mg/kg、14.13 mg/kg,能达到无公害水产品标准.因此红树种植–养殖塘具有"种植岛基质–红树植物–微生物"的协同效应,通过物理、化学和生物的共同作用降低了水体石油烃的含量,从而提高了养殖生物的品质.     

废弃牡蛎壳生产活性钙

利用废弃的牡蛎壳为原料。采用高温电解煅烧、微粒子化及碳酸化等特殊工艺。得到可供食品用的钙强化剂或药品用的原料药。该方法不但可以充分利用资源。变废为宝。而且选用的工艺路线也体现了清洁生产的要求。在降低设备投入和能耗的同时。还消除了三废的排放，适合工业化生产。     

THE EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY ON MONITORING STRATEGIES: METALLOTHIONEINS AS AN EXAMPLE1

ABSTRACT: An increasing need exists to determine the relative health of estuarine and coastal systems with respect to their ability to support populations of fishery organisms. Many monitoring programs developed for this purpose utilize physiological and biochemical techniques to determine if marine organisms axe stressed by contaminant exposure. The use of the low molecular weight, metal-binding protein, metailothionein, is used as a model technique to detect non-lethal stress in aquatic organisms. Test organisms were the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, and the beaked whale, Mesoplodon europaeus. The data presented illustrates how natural environmental and physiological factors can affect the mobilization and partitioning of metals by organisms and contribute to observed variability in data sets. The processes that affected trace metal partitioning and accumulation were: in oysters, the reproductive cycle/season of the year; in blue arabs, growth and the molt cycle; and in the whale, the type of food and habitat. To effectively monitor populations of fishery organisms, therefore, it is necessary to identify those factors that control survival, growth, and reproduction so that better predictive models can be formulated that will not be confounded by uncontrolled variables.     

ACUTE TOXICITY OF PICRIC ACID AND PICRAMIC ACID TO RAINBOW TROUT,SALMO GAIRDNERI,AND AMERICAN OYSTER,CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA1

ABSTRACT Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) and picramic acid (2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol) are potential water pollutents due to a variety of industrial and munition uses. The possible impacts of picric and picramic acid to two recreationally and commercially important species, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were evaluated. Picramic acid was more toxic than picric acid to both species tested. The 96-h LC50s for picric and picramic acids for rainbow trout were 109.6 and 46.2 mg/1, respectively. The 144-h LC50s for picric and picramic acid for American oysters were 254.9 and 69.8 mg/1, respectively. Sublethal no growth EC50s and shell deposition EC50s for oysters showed that both compounds caused adverse effects at much lower concentrations than indicated by the LC50s. For example, the 144-h shell deposition EC50s were 27.9 mg/1 for picric acid and 5.6 mg/1 for picramic acid. Sediment adsorbtion studies in estuarine water indicated that both compounds are not readily adsorbed which suggests that sediment would not play a major role as a sink in contaminated systems. Oysters, which filter large quantities of particulate matter, would more likely be affected by picric and picramic acids in the water column than by exposure to contaminated sediment.