生物滴滤-生物过滤组合工艺处理汽车喷漆废气中试研究

采用中试规模的生物滴滤-生物过滤组合工艺设备处理某汽车厂喷漆车间废气,研究了组合式反应器对废气的净化效果和2处理单元对污染组分的去除能力及微生物特性.该汽车厂喷漆车间废气中的主要组分为甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、丁醇、丙酮和甲基丙基甲酮.组合式反应器对废气中的污染物有较好的处理效果,但不同的污染组分在不同处理单元...     

Comparison of the substrate effect on voc emissions from water based varnish and latex paint

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: The building materials are recognised to be major contributors to indoor air contamination by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The improvement of the quality of the environment within buildings is a topic of increasing research and public interest. Legislation in preparation by the European Commission may induce, in the near future, European Union Member States to solicit the industries of paints, varnishes and flooring materials for taking measures, in order to reduce the VOC emissions resulting from the use of their products. Therefore, product characterisation and information about the influence of environmental parameters on the VOC emissions are fundamental for providing the basic scientific information required to allow architects, engineers, builders, and building owners to provide a healthy environment for building occupants. On the other hand, the producers of coating building materials require this information to introduce technological alterations, when necessary, in order to improve the ecological quality of their products, and to make them more competitive. Studies of VOC emissions from wet materials, like paints and varnishes, have usually been conducted after applying the material on inert substrates, due to its non-adsorption and non-porosity properties. However, in real indoor environments, these materials are applied on substrates of a different nature. One aim of this work was to study, for the first time, the VOC emissions from a latex paint applied on concrete. The influence of the substrate (uncoated cork parquet, eucalyptus parquet without finishing and pine parquet with finishing) on the emissions of VOC from a water-based varnish was also studied. For comparison purposes, polyester film (an inert substrate) was used for both wet materials. METHODS: The specific emission rates of the major VOCs were monitored for the first 72 h of material exposure in the atmosphere of a standardized test chamber. The air samples were collected on Tenax TA and analysed using thermal desorption online with gas chromatography provided with both mass selective detection and flame ionisation detection. A double exponential model was applied to the VOC concentrations as a function of time to facilitate the interpretation of the results. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The varnish, which was introduced in the test chamber 23 h after the application of the last layer of material, emitted mainly glycolethers. Only primary VOCs were emitted, but their concentrations varied markedly with the nature of the substrate. The higher VOC concentrations were observed for the parquets of cork and eucalyptus, which indicated that they have a much higher porosity and, therefore, a higher power of VOC adsorption than the finished pine parquet (and polyester film). The paint was introduced in the chamber just after its application. Only primary VOCs were emitted (esters, phthalates, glycolethers and white spirit) but some compounds, like 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol and diethylphthalate, were only observed for paint/polyester, which suggested that they were irreversibly adsorbed by the paint/concrete. Compared with the inert substrate, the rate of VOC emissions was lower for concrete in the wet-stage (first hours after the paint application) but slightly higher later (dry-stage) as a consequence of desorption. CONCLUSIONS: As to varnish, the substrates without finishing, like cork and eucalyptus parquets, displayed a higher power of adsorption of VOCs than the pine parquet with finishing, probably because they have a higher porosity. As concerns paint, the total masses of VOCs emitted were lower for concrete than for polyester, indicating that concrete reduces the global VOC emissions from the latex paint. Concrete is seen to have a strong power of adsorption of VOCs. Some compounds, namely 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol, diethylphthalate and TEXANOL (this partially), were either irreversibly adsorbed by the concrete or desorbed very slowly (at undetected levels). A similar behaviour had not been reported for gypsum board, a paint substrate studied before. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: The present data suggest that concrete may be a recommendable substrate for paint in an indoor environment. As the nature of the substrate conditions the rate and nature of VOC emissions from wet materials, it must be explicit when emissions from composite materials are reported, in order to allow comparisons and labelling of the product in terms of indoor air quality.     

铁氧体—高压水解一步除氰,镍的机理研究

本文研究了在１．０１３ＭＰａ，１８０℃条件下，废水中ＣＮ＾－，ＮＨ３，Ｎｉ＾２＋并存时，以形成铁氧体同时进行高压水解一步除氰，除镍的反应机理。结果发现，镍铁氧体的形成是由于镍离子取代了Ｆｅ３Ｏ４中的两价铁的晶格位置形成的，新生太的Ｆｅ３Ｏ４具有表面吸附作用，但随着反应时间的延长吸附量会有所下降；氰水解是镍形成铁氧体的前提，为含氰、含镍废水在高压水解条件下铁氧体一步法治理奠定了理论基础。     

炼油污水中油的性状与除油效率关系探讨

通过对炼油污水的油性剖析和主要除油设施的净化效率评价，探讨了除油效率与油特性的关系，对现有除油设施存在的问题进行了分析，并提出对策建议。     

纳米隔热涂料用纳米TiO2的表面改性研究

以硅烷偶联剂为改性剂，通过实验研究了纳米TiO2有机化表面改性的影响因素。结果表明，硅烷偶联剂用量为15%、二氯甲烷作为溶剂、改性时间为2h，改性后的纳米TiO2的表面由亲水性转变为亲油性，并能较好地分散于甲苯中，能满足纳米隔热涂料的制备。     

PTA污水处理装置存在问题及对策

针对洛阳石化PTA污水处理装置存在的主要问题，通过分析，提出了相应对策，优化了生产操作，提高了装置的处理水平，保证了污水的达标排放。     

十年给排水设计回顾

综述了近十年来炼油厂给排水工程的设计概况。论述了逆流式冷却塔、污水处理、给水处理以及建筑给排水及消防的技术发展和新技术的开发及应用；并提出看法和建议。     

建筑涂料生产废水的处理技术

采用混凝沉淀-芬顿试剂催化氧化-活性炭吸附工艺对建筑涂料生产废水的处理进行了研究。用硫酸铝作混凝剂,投加量为500mg/L:芬顿试剂法处理的废水pH为6.0,H2O2/COD值为4.0,FeSO4投加量为1540mg/L,氧化反应时间大于4h;活性炭投加量为0.2g/L时,处理后出水COD小于100mg/L。     

造纸脱墨废水的深度处理技术

介绍一种实用的脱墨废水三级处理技术的原理、工艺流程、主要构筑物,并重点探讨了在各级处理过程中的控制参数和影响因素。应用该工艺建造的某大型造纸厂的脱墨废水处理工程,处理出水达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)中二级标准。针对该处理系统实际运行中出现的问题,提出了相应的解决措施,可供同行借鉴和参考。     

钢渣对酸性含Ni(Ⅱ)废水的吸附-中和作用

以碱性钢渣为水处理材料,研究了其吸附、中和酸性含Ni(Ⅱ)废水的工艺过程和机理。结果表明:在钢渣粒度小于2 mm、用量10 g/L、温度25℃、搅拌强度100 r/min条件下钢渣与Ni(Ⅱ)浓度200 mg/L、pH值4.8的废水反应8 min,可使废水中Ni(Ⅱ)浓度降低到0.25 mg/L,pH值升高到7.2,达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》的要求。钢渣对酸性废水中Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附式,其饱和吸附量达37 mg/g,反应包括钢渣中碱性物质的水解、Ni(Ⅱ)生成Ni(OH)2沉淀、生成的Ni(OH)2沉淀吸附于钢渣表面等几个过程。X射线衍射分析证明钢渣表面吸附了Ni(OH)2沉淀物。