溶剂萃取分离地下强化抽出处理液中的污染物和表面活性剂

以正己烷为萃取剂,SDS和Tween 80为表面活性剂,苯和硝基苯为污染物,通过批次实验研究了萃取时间、油水比、表面活性剂及污染物性质对二者分离效果的影响.结果表明,萃取时间为2h、油水比为0.1是萃取的最佳条件参数;正己烷对Tween 80和苯的分离效果较SDS好,且Tween 80浓度对分离效果影响不大;随着SDS浓度的升高,其与苯的分离效果先增大后减小,在1.375CMC时达到最佳分离效果;正己烷对苯与SDS的分离效果较硝基苯好,且分离效果随着污染物浓度的升高而增大;苯和硝基苯共存时,其与SDS的分离存在竞争作用.     

黄土中石油污染物的协同增溶作用研究

研究了腐殖酸钠以及阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)在单独使用及混合溶液体系去除黄土中柴油的解吸效应,探讨了振荡时间、腐殖酸钠质量浓度、pH值等因素对柴油解吸的影响.实验结果表明,两种阴离子表面活性剂对黄土中的柴油都有很好的解吸效果.投加LAS质量浓度为1.0g/L和10.0g/L后的柴油解吸质量浓度分别达到44.934 mg/L和915.171 mg/L,解吸量分别是同等实验条件下清水作用的1.7倍和34.4倍.投加SDS的质量浓度为10.0 g/L后,柴油解吸率也会比清水振荡解吸增大22.3倍.加入单一腐殖酸钠的质量浓度为1g/L时,柴油的最大解吸量是清水冲洗时的5.3倍.腐殖酸钠(0.2g/L)和LAS(8g/L)混合溶液体系对柴油的解吸量是单独使用LAS解吸量的2.4倍,腐殖酸钠(0.2g/L)-SDS(8 g/L)体系的最大解吸量是单独使用SDS解吸量的2.6倍.在pH值为8.6的条件下,腐殖酸钠-LAS混合溶液体系对柴油的解吸量达到最大值.     

Mass balance of anionic surfactants through up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket based sewage treatment plants

The outcome of a 21-month monitoring study on anionic surfactants (AS) at five (27–70 ML/d) up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) based sewage treatment plants (STPs) is described. The average removals of AS were around 8–30%. Appreciable concentrations of AS were being discharged to the watercourse (average 4.30 mg/L; range 3.60–4.91 mg/L). On an average dried sludge contained 1452 mg AS/kg dry weight. Mass balance at three STPs indicated that, AS load of the order of 5–17% and ≈12% is removed by adsorption in UASB reactors and polishing ponds (PP) respectively. Biodegradation of AS under anaerobic conditions in UASB reactors and PP does not seem to take place. In the sludge stream, appreciable biodegradation (≈46%) of adsorbed AS under aerobic conditions on the sludge drying beds takes place. If influent AS mass flux is normalized to 100 units, than average of ≈74 and ≈7 units are discharged with treated effluent and dried sludge respectively, while 12 and 6 units are adsorbed/settled in PP and aerobically biodegrade on sludge drying beds respectively. At two STPs (34 and 56 ML/d), the filterable fluxes in UASBR increased so that the mass balance could not be computed.     

流动注射测定阴离子表面活性剂不确定度的评估研究

流动注射测定阴离子表面活性剂具有分析速度快、准确度和精密度高、进样量少、对操作人员危害较小等优点.为了能够掌握流动注射测定阴离子表面活性剂数据的分散性,通过对量器体积测量、标准溶液配置、样品测量重复性、工作曲线拟合、测量仪器5个方面的不确定影响进行分析,从而得出流动注射测定阴离子表面活性剂的标准不确定度和扩展不确定度.最终测得阴离子表面活性剂测量结果为(0.489±0.016 mg/L);k=2.     

粉煤灰处理阴离子表面活性剂废水及机理研究

采用粉煤灰作为吸附混凝剂,研究了粉煤灰对废水中阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）的去除及机理。分析了粉煤灰投加量、吸附时间、pH值对废水中SDS去除率的影响,探讨了最佳条件下废水中SDS去除率,研究了粉煤灰动力学特征。结果表明,在200mL浓度50mg/L的SDS溶液中,调节pH值为13,加入70 g粉煤灰,搅拌20m in后,SDS的去除率为83.3%。粉煤灰对SDS的吸附符合Freund lich吸附等温式。     

Microwave and Fenton's reagent oxidation of wastewater

We compared two H₂O₂ oxidation methods for the treatment of industrial wastewater: oxidation using Fenton's reagent [H₂O₂/Fe(II)] and microwave irradiation. Both methods were applied to the treatment of synthetic phenol solutions (100 mg L⁻¹) and of an industrial effluent containing a mixture of ionic and non-ionic surfactants at high load (20 g L⁻¹ of COD). The effects of initial pH, initial H₂O₂ concentration, Fenton catalyst amount and irradiation time were assessed. According to the oxidation of phenol, it has been found that the oxidation by Fenton's reagent is dependent on the pH, contrary to the microwave system, which is not influenced by this parameter. For both systems, a limiting amount of oxidant has been found; above this point the oxidation of phenol is not improved by a further addition of peroxide. The oxidation of the industrial surfactant effluent has only been successful with the Fenton's reagent. In this case, large amounts of ferrous ions are necessary for the precipitation of the ionic surfactants of the effluent, followed by the oxidation of the non-ionic constituents of the solution. Electronic Publication     

表面活性剂的生态毒理学及其应用研究进展

绝大多数表面活性剂如LAS、AS和AE易被分解,对环境和生物没构成严重的威胁;但部分表面活性剂的降解产物如NP具有潜在的危害,不容忽视。此外,表面活性剂具有增溶和增流作用,能促进疏水性有机污染物的去除,可应用于修复环境污染。     

生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选及其对土壤重金属铅的活化作用

结合油平板和血平板方法从重金属8处复合污染的土壤样品中筛选出15株能产生物表面活性剂的细菌菌株,其中J119菌株不仅具有良好的产生物表面活性剂的性能,而且能在含铅、镉浓度分别为100～200 mg·L-1、25～100 mg·L-1的平板中生长.同时对J119菌株所产的生物表面活性剂与3种不同类型化学合成表面活性剂活化土壤中铅的效能进行了比较.结果表明,在400 mg·kg-1铅污染土壤中,J119菌株发酵液与化学合成表面活性剂活化土壤中铅的效果相当;与对照相比,在800 mg·kg-1铅污染土壤中,J119菌株发酵液处理使土壤中有效性铅的浓度增加51.1%,而3种化学合成表面活性剂CTAB、SDS、Tween-80处理土壤中有效态铅浓度仅比对照增加28.7%、26.2%和16.0%.另外,J119菌株产生的生物表面活性剂与供试3种化学合成表面活性剂对土壤中铅的活化作用之间存在显著差异.     

废水中阴离子表面活性剂测定的一种新方法

报道了测定废水中阴离子表面活性剂的一种新方法,即利用微相吸附-光谱修正(MSASC)原理研究十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)与碱紫(DLV)的结合反应,定量分析废水样品中的阴离子表面活性剂(AS)。试验结果表明DLV与SDBS之间的作用符合Lang-muir单分子层吸附。利用该方法分别对受污染河水、生活污水、合成废水样品进行阴离子表面活性剂的测定,加标回收率达到97.5%,相对标准偏差<5.2%,且多种阴离子、阳离子、氨基酸和葡萄糖不影响该方法的测定结果。     

Synthesis of nanoiron by microemulsion with Span/Tween as mixed surfactants for reduction of nitrate in water

Denitrification of nitrate in groundwater using iron nanoparticles has received increasing interest in recent years. In order to fabricate iron nanoparticles with homogeneously spherical shape and narrow size distribution, a simple and “green” method was developed to synthesize iron nanoparticles. The conventional microemulsion methods were modified by applying Span 80 and Tween 60 as mixed surfactants. The maximum content of water in the Water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion and its appropriate forming conditions were found, and then the microemulsion system consisting of saturated Fe²⁺ solution was used to synthesize α-Fe ultrafine particles by redox reaction. The nanoparticles were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the average diameter of the particle is about 80–90 nm. The chemical activity of the obtained iron nanoparticles was studied by the denitrification experiment of nitrate. The results show that under the experimental conditions, iron removed most of the 80 mg/L nitrate within 30 min. The mass balance of nitrate reduction with nanoscale Fe indicates that endproducts are mainly ammonia. Two possible reaction pathways for nitrate reduction by nanoscale iron particles have been proposed in this work. __________ Translated from Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 2006, 27(4): 672–675 [译自: 高等学校化学学报]