制药废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能与毒性机理的研究

采用上流式厌氧氨氧化污泥床反应器考察了制药废水的生物脱氮性能,并采用发光细菌急性毒性试验研究了制药废水、厌氧氨氧化处理进出水的生物毒性,以及制药废水对厌氧氨氧化污泥的蓄积毒性.结果表明,当制药废水稀释30倍以上时,毒性物质浓度低于毒性抑制浓度阈值,厌氧氨氧化反应器运行性能良好,平均氨氮和亚硝氮去除率分别达87.8%和95.6%,平均总氮容积负荷可达10.38 kg/(m3×d);但当进水稀释小于20倍时,毒性物质浓度高于毒性抑制浓度阈值,反应器运行性能恶化,平均氨氮和亚硝氮去除率降至24.6%和26.0%,直到完全消失.制药废水、厌氧氨氧化反应器进出水均具有较强的生物毒性,在相对发光度为50%时,所对应的制药废水、反应器进水、出水的稀释倍数分别为70.5,5.19,7.77倍.经厌氧氨氧化处理后,出水毒性增强,说明制药废水毒性物质可在厌氧氨氧化污泥中蓄积,具有蓄积毒性.     

不同微波条件对活性炭微波再生效率的影响研究

研究了吸附药厂废水COD的粉末活性炭在不同微波条件下的微波再生。以碘吸附值为指标,通过单因素实验考查了微波功率、微波辐照时间对粉末活性炭性能恢复率、再生损耗率、综合恢复率的影响,结合实验拟合曲线特点,分析了呈现的规律和原因。实验结果表明,在微波功率为648W、辐照时间为180s时活性炭性能恢复率达到最大,为99.73%;在功率为464W、时间为180s时综合恢复率最佳,为96.81%。     

UASB-MBR组合工艺处理模拟黄连素废水

采用升流式厌氧污泥床-膜生物反应器(UASB-MBR)组合工艺处理模拟黄连素废水,模拟废水中有机污染物由葡萄糖和黄连素配制,以葡萄糖作为初级能源物质,通过微生物协同降解作用去除废水中的黄连素.在水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h,进水ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(NH₄+-N)和ρ(黄连素)分别为1 717～4 393,91.8～158.7和64.4～276.8 mg/L,废水中黄连素的ρ(COD_Cr)贡献率为7.5%～25.0%的条件下,组合工艺可实现ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(NH₄+-N)和ρ(黄连素)的去除率分别为92.5%～95.9%,67.0%～98.9%和99%以上,废水中黄连素主要通过UASB去除,去除率为95.2%～98.9%.在进水COD_Cr负荷为0.54～1.88 kg/(m3·d),黄连素负荷为0.71～12.42 g/(m3·d)的条件下,MBR可保证出水ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(黄连素)和ρ(NH₄+-N)分别低于50,1.0和2.0 mg/L;随着MBR进水ρ(黄连素)升至3.45～12.42 mg/L,在黄连素的微生物毒性胁迫作用下,MBR中污泥呈由分散态向聚集态的转变.      

Coping with seismic vulnerability: small manufacturing firms in western Athens

This paper attempts to contribute to international discourse on the responsibility of macro structures (economic and political) and private agencies for the production and distribution of vulnerability. It does so by focusing on an individual economic entity, small manufacturing firms (SMFs), in a specific location, western Athens, Greece. By evaluating the losses that SMFs sustained in the earthquake of 7 September 1999, the paper points to variations in vulnerability levels among such firms and highlights the 'sources' of vulnerability they confront. Furthermore, the SMF recovery cycle is systematically monitored in parallel with relevant public policies and state reactions to private recovery methods. The analysis illustrates processes that externalise recovery costs, alter the relationship between physical and socio-economic vulnerability and shift the vulnerability load from macro structures to individual agencies or vice versa. It is based on two methodological approaches: the division of vulnerability into three constituent components (exposure, resistance and resilience); and the conceptual split between producers and carriers of vulnerability.     

Waste minimization study in a solvent-based paint manufacturing plant

Solvent-based paint manufacturing plants produce significant quantities of hazardous waste, which must be properly treated before it can be disposed. Since the cost for treating this waste is high, reducing the quantity of waste has become a crucial issue in this industry.Waste minimization options are beneficial for the owner of the plant as well as for the environment. The quantity of hazardous waste can be minimized by changing the plant's technology or by substituting hazardous substances, which are used in the paint manufacturing process, with environmentally friendly ones. Furthermore, separating the various waste streams makes it easier to recover raw materials and enhances the possibility of their reuse within the production process. This will decrease operational costs for the plant.This paper presents a case study of waste minimization in a solvent-based paint manufacturing plant. Source reduction, recovery, and recycling methods are taken into consideration. Its aim is to develop an understanding of the facility's waste generating processes, to suggest ways to reduce the waste production, and finally to select an appropriate waste minimization option to suggest to the plant. Some of the suggested methods are currently being practiced while others are at initial stage of development.     

可重组制造系统降级运作的可靠性分析

作为一种全新的制造系统类型,笔者对可重组制造系统的一种降级运作模式进行系统整体性能和可靠性的分析与研究。针对可重组制造系统中可能存在非关键设备失效的情况,在选取系统中存在单台关键设备的条件下,建立可重组制造系统在一定时期内降级运作的有效性模型。应用马尔可夫可靠性模型对系统不同的运行状态推导出转换方程,对系统的生产率和有效性两大指标进行计算和分析。通过对系统正常状态和降级状态的有效度和生产率的比较,得出了系统存在降级运行模式时,比系统全部由关键设备组合的运行模式具有更高的生产率和有效度,并在一定条件下,系统有效度比生产率增加更快的两大结论。     

采用高效物化生化组合工艺处理高浓度化学制药废水

根据化学合成制药排放废水的特点,水解酸化、微电解、絮凝、UBF、生物接触氧化、气浮工艺处理制药废水。实际运行结果表明：出水COD,BOD,SS等各项指标均能达到GB8978—1996（（污水综合排放标准》中I级排放标准,投资费用较低,运行效果稳定。     

MES在原油长输管道上的应用

MES是面向执行层的工厂层信息系统,MES作为生产与计划之间的信息纽带,为ERP系统和控制系统提供关键接口,将两者的信息有效连接起来,使整个企业有了一个无缝链接的完整的信息平台。介绍了MES的结构及其在长输管道中的应用,MES是长输管道良好的信息平台。     

上海市制药行业废水特征污染因子控制指标分析

制药工业特别是生物制药是上海市六大支柱产业之一,而在制药生产过程中存在着原辅料投入量大产出比小、污染严重的问题。针对制药企业在生产中的原辅材料、工艺过程、产品环节中可能产生有毒有害有机物等进行了调研分析;对比国内外相关排放控制标准,提出了制药工业污废水排放中特征污染因子控制指标的建议。建议补充18种特征污染因子,其中包括1种重金属及无机物、16种有机污染物和1项生物安全因子。     

SBR处理制药废水影响因素的研究

结合工程实际采用水解酸化-SBR工艺处理制药废水,处理水量为2 000 m3/d。SBR对CODcr的处理率稳定在92.2%～95.8%间,平均为94.23%,对氨氮的去除率在82.7%～97.6%,平均去除率达到90.73%。水解酸化-SBR稳定运行后,系统出水各项指标均达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(8978-1996)二级排放标准。运行结果表明,SBR运行最佳参数为:曝气时间8小时,污泥负荷控制0.23～0.28(kg CODcr/kg MLSS.d),温度26℃～30℃。该工艺用于处理高浓度制药废水效果稳定,耐冲击负荷高。