悬挂链生物接触氧化工艺处理河道污水

采用悬挂链曝气式接触氧化工艺在3个时段内处理城市河道污水,通过采用磷脂法、TTC-脱氢酶活性法和MPN法研究载体表面生物膜特性,来验证装置的水质净化效果。结果表明,进水水质变化幅度较大的时段1内,水质对缺氧区和好氧区内生物膜量及活性有很大冲击,对污染物的去除效果影响不大,COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别达到75.9%、80.8%、64.6%和78.3%;进水水质稳定的时段2内,缺氧区和好氧区内生物膜量和活性要高于其他时段,COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别达到77.0%、80.6%、69.4%和55.3%;低温运行的时段3内,缺氧区和好氧区内生物膜量和活性都低于其他时段,水质净化效果明显下降,COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为71.1%、68.5%、48.9%和46.6%。     

高氨氮废水与城市生活污水短程硝化系统菌群比较

短程硝化是污水脱氮工艺中的重要环节,系统中的菌群结构决定了其处理效果.为探讨短程硝化系统中的微生物对不同污水的适应性,利用细菌16S rDNA克隆文库、磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)和定量PCR分析方法对高氨氮废水和城市生活污水短程硝化系统中活性污泥的细菌群落结构、总体微生物的多样性以及功能微生物进行了比较.克隆文库结果表明两个系统中细菌群落结构明显不同,城市生活污水中细菌种类更丰富,但两个系统的优势菌群都属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidete).磷脂脂肪酸分析结果显示高氨氮废水短程硝化系统中微生物多样性指数和均匀度指数明显低于城市生活污水.定量PCR结果表明,高氨氮废水短程硝化系统中氨氧化菌(AOB)与亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的数量都多于城市生活污水短程硝化系统;高氨氮废水短程硝化系统中AOB比NOB高3个数量级,而城市生活污水短程硝化系统中AOB比NOB高2个数量级.     

Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.     

有机无机缓释复合肥对不同土壤微生物群落结构的影响

缓控释肥料作为一类新型肥料已成为近年来的研究热点,但对土壤微生物群落多样性影响规律的研究甚少.研究采用磷脂脂肪酸法分析缓释复合肥(SRF)、化肥(CF)和普通复合肥(CCF)分别施入酸性土和微碱性土恒温培养10、30、60和90d后的微生物群落结构多样性.结果表明,缓释复合肥等肥料施入2种土壤恒温培养(10~90 d)后检测到多种细菌(13:0,i14:0,14:0,i15:0,a15:0,i16:0,16:12OH,16:1w5c,16:0,i17:0,a17:0,cy17:0,17:02OH,i18:0,18:0,cy19:0w8c),2种放线菌(10Me17:0和10Me18:0)和1种真菌(18:1w9c).SRF在酸性土壤培养前期(10 d和30 d)较CF显著增加真菌PLFA含量8.3%和6.8%,在培养后期(60 d和90 d)较CCF显著增加真菌PLFA含量22.7%和17.1%;SRF较CF和CCF显著增加微碱性土壤在整个恒温培养期(30 d除外)土壤细菌、真菌和革兰氏阳性菌PLFA含量.酸性土壤培养30 d和90 d时一般饱和脂肪酸/单烯不饱和脂肪酸PLFA值以SRF显著高于不施肥(CK)、CF和CCF,而在微碱性土壤上SRF仅在恒温培养60d时显著高于CK、CF和CCF;SRF较CCF显著降低酸性土壤(30~90 d)和微碱性土壤(10~60 d)异构PLFA/反异构PLFA值.从2种土壤PLFA种类、含量以及相对丰度等可知缓释复合肥较化肥和普通复合肥提高了土壤微生物PLFA种类和含量以及减弱对微生物生存环境的胁迫,缓释复合肥在2种土壤中尤其对酸性土的作用明显.通过研究缓释复合肥对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响,以期为农业生产上广泛施用缓释复合肥提供科学依据.     

人粪便中温好氧堆肥过程的有机物降解特性研究

利用密闭式小型堆肥反应器,以锯末作为堆肥载体,采用批量反应的操作方式,在35℃的温控条件下进行了人粪便的中温好氧堆肥实验。结果表明,在14 d的堆肥反应周期内,粪便中以COD为参数的有机物去除率可达到70%左右,且在10～12 d内基本完成有机物降解。在中温条件下,堆体容易保持适宜的含水率和pH值,维持适宜微生物繁殖生长的条件。运用磷脂法进行堆肥过程中微生物总量的分析,表明在一个堆肥周期内,微生物经历了环境适应期、稳定增殖期、生物量下降期等3个阶段,这一微生物繁衍规律与有机物的去除密切相关。与高温堆肥相比,中温堆肥能够减少设备加热的能量消耗,是缺水地区人粪便处置的可选方法之一。     

雄黄矿区不同砷污染土壤中微生物群落结构及碳源利用特征

土壤砷污染是我国乃至世界范围内比较严重的环境问题.有关砷污染的生态毒理效应有很多研究,但对砷污染土壤中微生物群落的关注相对较少.本文以我国湖南省石门县雄黄矿地区长期砷污染土壤为例,采用PLFA及BIOLOG微平板技术考察了7个砷(As)污染程度不同的样点以及一个对照样点土壤微生物群落结构及碳源利用特征.结果发现,雄黄矿区存在多种重金属复合污染,除As含量较高以外,镉(Cd)和镍(Ni)的含量也超过了国家土壤环境质量三级标准.雄黄矿区土壤微生物的群落结构受到土壤有机碳(SOC)、有效磷(AP)、p H以及镁(Mg)、Cd、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)含量的显著影响.各样点土壤微生物群落均以细菌为主,占微生物总量的71.54%~80.66%,真菌次之,放线菌最少.雄黄矿区土壤中的有效砷对微生物造成了较严重的胁迫.严重砷污染降低了微生物对于碳源利用的多样性以及均匀度.各样点微生物对于碳源的利用也表现出明显的差异.31种碳源中微生物利用较多的只有7类,分别属于糖类、胺类、羧酸类与多聚物,并且以糖类为主.     

土壤-青菜系统中铅污染对土壤微生物活性及多样性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了青菜种植条件下2种不同类型的人为铅污染土(黄松田土和黄红壤)中不同处理对土壤微生物生物量、生理生态参数以及群落结构的影响.结果表明,2种土壤在外源铅含量为100和300 mg·kg-1时,土壤微生物生物量有微小增加,而高浓度铅污染使土壤微生物生物量显著降低.在高浓度铅污染土壤中,微生物生理生态参数发生明显变化,微生物生物量碳/土壤有机质碳(Cmic/Corg)逐渐下降,代谢熵(qco2)明显上升,表明土壤微生物群落处于胁迫状态.结果还显示,铅污染对土壤微生物的影响与不同的管理方式(青菜种植情况)以及土壤中有机质、粘粒含量等有关,在种植青菜、有机质和粘粒含量高的土壤中,土壤微生物各项参数变化要小.对21种磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)的图谱进行分析,结果表明,受铅污染土壤的微生物群落结构组成伴随着功能参数的变化而发生了改变;随着铅污染程度的增强,指示真菌和放线菌类的脂肪酸增加,而革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌脂肪酸比值下降.     

饮用水生物处理中微生物量和活性的测定方法

微生物量和微生物活性是饮用水生物处理工艺设计与运行的重要参数。总结论述了适用于表示饮用水生物处理过程生物膜中微生物数量和活性的几种主要指标的测定方法。     

纳米零价铁(NZVI)对厌氧产甲烷活性、污泥特性和微生物群落结构的影响

重点比较了纳米零价铁(NZVI)和微米级铁(ZVI)短期暴露条件下,厌氧产甲烷过程中污泥产甲烷活性、污泥生理生化特征、细胞膜磷脂组成和微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,NZVI组中累积产甲烷量随着NZVI投加浓度的增加降低.5 000mg·L~(-1)ZVI组累积产甲烷量未受影响.5 d时NZVI(100~5 000 mg·L~(-1))组铁离子浓度是空白组的1.6~7.4倍,5 000mg·L~(-1)ZVI组铁离子浓度略高于空白组.5 000 mg·L~(-1)NZVI组胞外聚合物总量大幅下降为空白组的21.1%,而活菌比仍可保持在空白组的79.7%.辅酶F420和辅酶M含量在5 000 mg·L~(-1)NZVI组中为空白组的40.2%和61.6%,但100 mg·L~(-1)NZVI组和5 000 mg·L~(-1)ZVI组中辅酶F420含量升高为空白组的1.3倍.不同实验组污泥支链脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的总含量为:ZVI-5 000(21.18%)空白组(19.37%)NZVI-1000(16.69%)NZVI-5000(15.94%)NZVI-100(12.08%).NZVI可使环境中铁离子浓度升高和细胞膜流动性下降,降低细胞活性和产甲烷关键辅酶活性,从而对产甲烷过程造成抑制;主成分分析和冗余分析表明,厌氧系统中微生物群落组成可受到NZVI的影响发生较大变化,Nakamurella、Bacillus、Trichococcus和Petrimonas对NZVI耐受性高.     

Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.