水合改性对钙基吸收剂循环捕集CO2的影响

在钙基吸收剂捕集CO2的过程中,吸收剂转化率会随着循环次数的增加而迅速降低。钙基吸收剂的水合改性作为改善吸收剂循环转化率的主要方法之一受到了国内外学者的广泛关注。总结了目前国内外研究者对不同的吸收剂、循环捕集条件下的水合改性方法的研究成果。结果表明,在循环过程中的不同阶段对吸收剂进行水合处理后得到的效果不同。其中,在碳酸化阶段、煅烧阶段、循环捕集前预处理以及煅烧后对吸收剂水合改性．吸收剂捕集CO2的能力均得到了改善;碳酸化反应后对吸收剂进行水合处理是否对循环吸收有利还存在争议。目前,利用水合改性的方法提高钙基吸收剂循环捕集CO2能力的机理还存在争议,且水合改性后的吸收剂机械性能差以及此方法能耗高的问题尚待解决。     

用YYG型冷原子荧光测汞仪测定天然水中总汞的仪器工作条件选择

国产YYG型系列测汞仪是利用原子荧光测定汞具有较高的灵敏度这一特点设计的测汞专用仪器。本文通过分析实验,对使用YYG型测汞仪时如何选择仪器最佳使用条件进行了分析探讨,使之能够满足测定天然水中汞的要求。     

Influence of oxalic acid formed on the degradation of phenol by Fenton reagent

The objective of this work is to examine the influence of oxalic acid formed on the degradation of phenol by Fenton reagent. Oxalic acid formed at initial stage within 30 min significantly suppresses the reduction of ferric ion, thus terminating degradation reaction. The yield of oxalic acid is dependent on the amount of ferrous ion dosed since the minimal amount of oxalic acid is formed after the degradation reaction terminates. Mineralization of phenol by Fenton reagent stagnates after 120 min under the conditions used in this study. The reason why the mineralization stagnated can be assumed to be following two mechanisms other than the depletion of H₂O₂. In the case where a small amount of ferrous ions is dosed, the reduction of ferric ions is minimal by oxalic acid formed. In the case where a large amount of ferrous ions is dosed, the amount of degradable organic compounds is insufficient owing to preferential conversion to oxalic acid. The mineralization can be enhanced by the intermittent dosing of ferrous ions, which facilitates the suppression of oxalic acid formation during the degradation by Fenton reagent.     

化学品活性反应危险性表征方法研究

通过对国内外典型活性化学反应事故的研究,在传统和通用的化学反应危险性评价表征方法的基础上,提出使用化学反应的最大功密度表征化学反应热危险性的新方法。该方法将化学反应的热力学参数和动力学参数相结合,全面表征了反应过程的热危险性。采用加速量热仪模拟硝酸铵、过氧化氢,以及多种有机过氧化物的绝热反应放热情况,并运用测得的参数,计算得到其最大功密度,并与传统动力学计算方法得到的结果进行比较。根据对实验和计算结果的分析证明:利用最大功密度的方法评价化学反应的危险性更符合化学反应的实际情况,该方法为化学品安全生产提供可靠的技术支持。     

金属改性碳脱除PH3和H2S动力学及反应机理研究

为综合利用黄磷尾气中的CO,通过计算平均活化能和测定XPS、TG／DTA和氮吸附特性的方法,研究了Cu2＋和某金属离子M^n＋改性碳脱除PH,和H2S的动力学和反应机理问题。结果表明：H2S在金属改性碳上反应时平均活化能为134．4J／mol为-0．76级反应,PH,在金属改性碳上反应时平均活化能为1247．6J／mol为-0．8级反应;减小改性碳粒径增加流量可以显著提高其脱除PH,和H。S的速率;XPS、TG／DTA和孔径分布分析证明,改性碳净化H2S和PH3是一个催化吸附过程,H2S和PH3首先与氧在改性碳表面进行催化氧化反应,然后生成S和P2O5沉积吸附在改性碳表面。     

Exposure of acid aerosol for schoolchildren in metropolitan Taipei

Metropolitan Taipei, which is located in the subtropical area, is characterized by high population and automobile densities. For convenience, most primary schools are located near major roads. This study explores the exposure of acid aerosols for schoolchildren in areas in Taipei with different traffic densities. Acid aerosols were collected by using a honeycomb denuder filter pack sampling system (HDS). Experimental results indicated that the air pollutants were significantly correlated with traffic densities. The ambient air NO₂, SO₂, HNO₃, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and aerosol acidity concentrations were 31.3 ppb, 4.7 ppb, 1.3 ppb, 1.9 μg m⁻³, 18.5 μg m⁻³, and 49.5 nmol m⁻³ in high traffic density areas, and 6.1 ppb, 1.8 ppb, 0.9 ppb, 0.7 μg m⁻³, 8.8 μg m⁻³ and 14.7 nmol m⁻³ in low traffic density areas. The exposure levels of acid aerosols for schoolchildren would be higher than the measurements because the sampling height was 5 m above the ground. The SO₂ levels were low (0.13–8.03 ppb) in the metropolitan Taipei. However, the SO₄²⁻ concentrations were relatively high, and might be attributed to natural emissions of sulfur-rich geothermal sources. The seasonal variations of acid aerosol concentrations were also observed. The high levels of acidic particles in spring time may be attributed to the Asian dust storm and low height of the mixture layer. We conclude that automobile contributed not only the primary pollutants but also the secondary acid aerosols through the photochemical reaction. Schoolchildren were exposed to twice the acid aerosol concentrations in high traffic density areas compared to those in low traffic density areas. The incidence of allergic rhinitis of schoolchildren in the high traffic density areas was the highest in spring time. Accompanied by high temperature variation and high levels of air pollution in spring, the health risk of schoolchildren had been observed.     

纳米TiO_2光催化降解硝基酚类污染物动力学及机理的研究

采用纳米TiO2(P25)粉末作为催化剂,研究了几种典型硝基取代酚在TiO2/UV悬浮体系下的光催化降解.研究表明,这些化合物的降解过程符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程,其表观速率常数(kapp)的大小为:2-氨基-4硝基酚(2-A,4-NP)>4-硝基酚(4-NP)>2-硝基酚(2-NP)>3-硝基酚(3-NP)>2,4-二硝基酚(2,4-DNP)>2,4,6-三硝基酚(2,4,6-TNP),而吸附平衡常数(KL)却与Kapp成反比.苯环上取代基的种类和数日对有机物光催化降解活性有很大的影响,硝基的加入降低了光催化活性,并且kapp与Hammett常数(σ)具有较好的线性关系.     

纳米铁去除水中硝酸盐的动力学研究

实验中采用了液相还原法制备新型吸附剂纳米铁。在纳米铁低投放量的条件下,采用间歇实验,分别从初始硝酸盐浓度、溶液pH值和温度的不同外界条件下研究了纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除情况。实验结果表明,硝酸盐初始浓度对反应速率有影响,但对去除率影响不大;溶液pH值为2.0时纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除效果最好;随着温度的升高,纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除率有所增加。以t时刻已反应掉的硝酸盐浓度为切入点,提出拟二级动力学方程。进而确定不同温度下的反应速率常数k。实验中k在50℃时最大,为0.014 mg/（L·min）。反应活化能Ea为17.18 kJ/mol,该反应以质量传递为控制因素。溶液中性条件下硝酸盐氮的还原产物为氨氮。     

周期循环静止沉淀工艺处理矿井水

已有的实验和实践表明,周期循环静止沉淀工艺与常规连续进、出水的单一沉淀工艺相比,其沉淀效率明显提高,其出水水质显著改善。为了进一步研究周期循环静止沉淀工艺的性能,进行了工业性试验研究。结果表明,周期循环静止沉淀池与常规沉淀池相比具有较高的处理能力和水质澄清效果,是常规沉淀池处理能力的1.2倍;在两池循环的周期循环静止沉淀工艺中,当反应池与静止沉淀池总处理能力比为1∶1时,周期循环的静止沉淀池清水层高度为2 m、周期内清水层形成速度为1.67 mm/s、体积负荷和表面负荷较常规沉淀池均提高了20%;受反应池进水流量的冲击影响,周期循环静止沉淀工艺的静止沉淀池设置数以2～3个为最佳;周期循环静止沉淀工艺中反应静止沉淀系统不会对后续过滤单元产生水力影响。     

高铁酸盐氧化降解水中苯酚的动力学及机理研究

以自制高铁酸钾(K₂FeO₄)为原料,探讨了影响高铁酸盐氧化降解苯酚的主要因素,并研究了苯酚降解的动力学特征和反应机理。结果表明,高铁酸盐加入量、pH值、持续搅拌、反应温度、反应时间都影响苯酚去除效果。其中高铁酸盐加入量是影响苯酚去除效果的关键因素,高铁酸盐氧化降解苯酚的最佳pH值范围为9～10,持续搅拌和提高反应温度只影响苯酚降解速率而不影响苯酚降解率。苯酚的降解过程遵循一级反应动力学模型。苯酚被高铁酸盐氧化生成CO₂、H₂O以及一部分难矿化的有机物。