平庄煤矿排土场植被恢复与重建研究

本文在认真分析、总结国内外露天煤矿土地复垦理论和工程实践的基础上,应用了土壤学、微生物学、采矿学、农林学、环境工程学等多门学科的理论,研究分析了排土场的土壤理化性质及林木生长的适应性。在此基础上确立了排土场植被特征和植被恢复措施。排土场以保护为主。并通过比较不同生境、不同植被配置模式对主要复垦植被的影响,以及主要复垦植被之间的相互影响,提出平庄矿区露天煤矿人工植被的模式。     

辽宁省主要自然保护区外来入侵植物的调查分析

通过野外实地调查,对辽宁省的4个国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物的种类数量和分布现状进行了调查分析。结果表明,老铁山、鸭绿江口、医巫闾山、九龙川4个自然保护区内的外来入侵植物分别为27,10,7和6种,总计16科36种。依据保护区内外来入侵植物的特点和生态影响,提出了一些有效的管理措施和防治建议。     

RIP-N模型对官厅水库库滨带去氮效应的流域尺度模拟分析

以官厅水库库滨带为研究对象,构建适用于流域尺度岸边带去氮负荷估算的生态水文模型——RIP-N(Riparian-Nitrogen)模型,对官厅水库库滨带2007年3~9月间岸边带去氮效应进行分析.同时,在延庆水保站开展田间尺度的野外模拟实验,结合室内外试验分析和以往研究成果,对模型模拟结果进行验证.RIP-N模型包括土壤化学过程模拟和植物生长过程模拟.前者包括土壤反硝化模拟、硝化模拟和氨挥发模拟;后者包括植物净第一性生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)模拟、植物生产力分配模拟和植物营养元素吸收模拟.结果表明:①RIP-N模型模拟值与实验值的决定系数大于0.5,证明该模型在空间尺度模拟上的有效性及模拟结果的可靠性;②模型模拟结果表明官厅水库库滨带流域3~9月对N的总去除量为5.91×103t;③RIP-N模型对官厅水库库滨带去氮环境效益分析表明,当前库滨带土地利用格局中,滩地、林地和草地是去污效果较好的土地利用类型,3~9月对流域的去N量占流域总去N量的76.5%,在非点源污染防治中起到"汇"的作用;但是研究区中专属湿地的"汇"作用表现不明显,3~9月去N量仅占流域总去N量的5.9...     

Rheum palaestinum (desert rhubarb), a self-irrigating desert plant

The rare plant Rheum palaestinum (Polygonaceae) is a perennial hemicryptophyte that grows during the rainy winter in desert mountainous areas in Israel and Jordan that receive an average annual rainfall of ca. 75 mm. It produces between one and four large round leaves that are tightly attached to the ground and form large rosettes of up to 1 m². These leaves differ markedly from the typical small leaves of most desert plants. Moreover, they have a unique 3D morphology resembling a scaled-down mountainous area with well-developed steep drainage systems, raising the question which selective agents were involved in their evolution. We propose that the large leaves collect rainwater that then infiltrates the soil surrounding the root. We measured the seasonal course of leaf growth, examined the area of wet soil surrounding the root after actual and simulated rain, and modeled the water harvesting capacity using the plant leaf area and the weekly precipitation. We show that even in the slightest rains, water flows above the veins to the leaf’s base where it irrigates the vertical root. A typical plant harvests more than 4,100 cm³ of water per year, and enjoys a water regime of about 427 mm/year, equivalent to the water supply in a Mediterranean climate. This is the first example of self-irrigation by large leaves in a desert plant, creating a leaf-made mini oasis. All authors contributed equally to this paper.     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

乙烯装置裂解炉操作的危害分析及对策

分析识别乙烯装置裂解炉操作中的危害因素,制定了确保裂解炉安全运行的对策.     

城市污水处理厂恶臭挥发性有机物的感官定量评价研究

采用自制低温吸附装置和臭气袋采集了广州典型城市污水厂6个处理车间的空气样品.应用热解析/气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析恶臭挥发性有机物的组成和含量,参照国标的三点比较式臭袋法测量样品的恶臭浓度,并针对恶臭挥发性有机物进行感官定量评价.结果表明,①城市污水处理厂检测出烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃等7大类共70种挥发性有机物,其中30种属于恶臭挥发性有机物,它们的浓度范围为0.37～1 872.24μg.m-3,在污泥脱水、污泥浓缩和曝气池最高;②主成分分析可以将主要恶臭挥发性有机物分为苯系物、卤代烃、醛类、碳氢化合物和含氮、硫的挥发性有机物5类;③多元线性回归分析能建立化学浓度与恶臭感官浓度的定量表达式,计算出恶臭挥发性有机物对该厂恶臭气味的贡献率占25%,感官浓度的预测值和实测值拟合良好,建立的预测方程对污水处理车间低浓度恶臭挥发性有机物的敏感度高于人鼻嗅辨的敏感度.     

Plant coexistence can enhance phytoextraction of cadmium by tobacco （Nicotiana tabacum L.） in contaminated soil

A mesocosm experiment was conducted to investigate whether plant coexistence affects cadmium (Cd) uptake by plant in contaminated soil.Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.var.K326) and Japanese clover (Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl.) were used.Cadmium was applied as 3CdSO 4 ·8H 2 O in solution at three levels (0,1,and 3 mg/kg soil) to simulate an unpolluted soil and soils that were slightly and moderately polluted with Cd.Tobacco (crop),Japanese clover (non-crop),and their combination were grown under each C...     

Mercury removals by existing pollutants control devices of four coal-fired power plants in China

The mercury removals by existing pollution control devices in four coal-fired power plants of China were carried out based on a measurement method with the aluminum matrix sorbent.     

Application of the AERMOD modeling system for environmental impact assessment of NO2 emissions from a cement complex

We applied the model of American Meteorological Society-Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) as a tool for the analysis of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions from a cement complex as a part of the environmental impact assessment. The dispersion of NO2 from four cement plants within the selected cement complex were investigated both by measurement and AERMOD simulation in dry and wet seasons. Simulated values of NO2 emissions were compared with those obtained during a 7-day continuous measurement campaign at 12 receptors. It was predicted that NO2 concentration peaks were found more within 1 to 5 km, where the measurement and simulation were in good agreement, than at the receptors 5 km further away from the reference point. The Quantile- Quantile plots of NO2 concentrations in dry season were mostly fitted to the middle line compared to those in wet season. This can be attributed to high NO2 wet deposition. The results show that for both the measurement and the simulation using the AERMOD, NO2 concentrations do not exceed the NO2 concentration limit set by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of Thailand. This indicates that NO2 emissions from the cement complex have no significant impact on nearby communities. It can be concluded that the AERMOD can provide useful information to identify high pollution impact areas for the EIA guidelines.