The Thermal Discharges From Nuclear Power Plants in Taiwan

The increasing use of sea water for industrial cooling presents a real threat to the ecological environment in the ocean. in Taiwan where many electric power plants along the coast take sea water for cooling, people are concerned seriously about nuclear power plants. There are three nuclear power plants in Taiwan. Each plant has two units for generating power. the first two are located along the northern coast of Taiwan. the third is located in Kenting National Park along the coast of southernmost Taiwan. the plants take sea water for cooling, and discharge their heated effluents to the ocean surface from the coast. the thermal effluents have variable effects on the ecological environment near the plants. Fishermen living near the power plants complain that the heated water affects the inshore fishery catch. in addition, the thermal water from the second plant is easily accumulated near the coastal zone to influence the nearby swimming area in the summer-time. the thermal water from the third plant bleaches or kills some corals in shallow water near the outlet, and this conflicts with the interests of Kenting National Park.     

Trends and Seasonality in the Nitrate Concentrations and Loads of the Bere Stream (Dorset) for the Period 1966-1986

Neutron activation analysis was used for the determination of the elemental composition of different plants and soils. Variations in concentrations of elements during the day were found. Mean concentrations, standard deviations and relationships between elements in soils and different parts of plants were studied. It was shown that the behaviour of chemical elements in samples from urban and unpolluted areas have significant differences.     

Introducing a new metal accumulator plant and the evaluation of its ability in removing heavy metals

A field study was conducted in a dried waste pool of a lead (Pb) mine in Arak (Iran) to find the accumulator plant(s) and to evaluate the amount of metal bioaccumulation in the root and shoot portion of the naturally growing vegetation. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined both in the soil and the plants that were grown in the dried waste pool. The concentrations of total Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ni in the waste pool were found to be higher than the natural soil and the toxic levels. The results showed that six dominant vegetations, namely, Centaurea virgata, Eleagnum angustifolia, Euphorbia macroclada, Gundelia tournefortii, Reseda lutea, and Scariola orientalis accumulated heavy metals. Based on the results, it was concluded that E. macroclada belonging to Euphorbiaceae is the best Pb accumulator and also a good accumulator for Zn, Cu, and Ni. The bioaccumulation ability of E. macroclada was evaluated in experimental pots. The study showed that the amount of heavy metals in polluted soils decreased several times during two years of phytoremediation. The accumulation of metal in the root, leaves, and shoot portions of E. macroclada varied significantly, but all the concentrations were within the toxic limits. Based on the obtained data, E. macroclada is an effective accumulator plant for soil detoxification and phytoremediation in critical conditions.     

Deposition and resorption of organic aerosol constituents in the respiratory tract as calculated from particle size distribution data

Data on the particle size distributions of organic aerosol constituents were used as input for a study, designed to calculate the fractions of the particulate concentrations of these compounds, deposited into the respiratory tract. The known relation between the deposition probability and the particle size as described by the ICRP‐model was used. The organic constituents were from the classes of the aliphatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, polycyclic and aza‐heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Aerosol samples were obtained by Hi‐Vol cascade impactor sampling at suburban, rural and sea shore background stations as well as in an industrial emission site (coke oven).

Our approach uses the measured concentrations, being average values within each impactor particle size interval, as well as the integrated average deposition probabilities. This procedure was validated experimentally for eight model distributions from the literature, for which an infinitesimal calculation of the deposited fractions was possible.

Dilution reduces total particulate concentrations in the remote areas and predominantly determines the total deposited pollutant concentrations. Of these, pulmonary and nasopharyngeal deposition are most significant and, as a first approximation, correspond largely to the relative importance of the accumulation and dispersion modes of the sampled aerosol. A particle size distribution shift toward larger particles within the accumulation mode occurs upon ageing of the aerosol and reduces the pulmonary deposited fraction of the measured compounds in the background sites, compared to the one in the suburb. The total deposited fraction, however, increases. The contributions of biogenic higher odd n‐alkanes and, to a lesser extent, of even carboxylic acids to the dispersion mode of the aerosol result in an increased nasopharyngeal deposition at the background sites mainly during summer.

Since little information on the bio‐availability of organic aerosol constituents is available in the literature, the fractions of the particulate pollutant concentrations, resorbed in the tissues from the deposited material, were calculated, assuming an average efficiency of 70% for pulmonary and of 10% for nasopharyngeal and tracheobronchial resorption. A nearly constant total resorbed fraction of 20±2% resulted, independent of the sampling station or the season chosen, in contrast with the total deposited fractions, for which significant differences were observed. The predominant pulmonary resorption as well as compensating effects of the nasopharyngeal resorption level out the relatively small differences in particle size distributions observed. Based on these data, a first estimate in nanogram of the daily intake by inhalation of the organic pollutants studied can be formulated as four times the particulate pollutant concentration, expressed in ngm^‐3.     

基于公众健康的大气环境风险源定量分级方法

目前国内针对化工企业大气环境风险源的突发泄漏事故健康风险分级方法较少.通过设定可信最严重事故场景,计算环境风险源在现有风险管理水平和当地可预期气象条件下的事故影响概率和健康危害,获得健康风险(包括急性暴露风险、死亡风险和综合健康风险)并划分风险源等级,由此建立了一种考虑公众健康的大气环境风险源定量分级方法.将方法应用于太原市某化工企业液氯储罐区健康风险评估,获得了各风向下的事故影响概率、后果和风险玫瑰图,显示风险源的健康风险与周边公众的分布特征密切相关.在可信最严重事故场景下,综合风险最大值为4.88×10-6,特征风向为S风向,风险源等级为极高风险(Ⅰ级).      

建设期环境监理实践与相关问题思考

在环境管理制度中,对应项目建设前期及竣工环境保护验收两个阶段的环保审批和竣工验收制度已基本成熟,但是施工阶段的环境管理尚处于探索期。从环境监理概念出发,总结了环境监理的发展过程以及其法律法规体系,认为当前是我国环境监理的第二发展阶段。同时,以江苏淮阴发电有限公司300MW机组的环境监理工作为案例,从设计阶段、施工阶段、试生产阶段等方面,全面分析了燃煤电厂环境监理的具体实践工作,突出了燃煤电厂环境监理容易忽视的六个问题。最后对于当前环境监理存在的五个重要方面进行了思考与建议,包括环境监理的法律法规体系、环境监理的运作模式、工程监理和环境监理的责权利划分、环境监理资质申请等。     

基于CNKI数据库的植物与昆虫关系研究文献计量分析

分析植物与昆虫的复杂关系是中国生物学研究的重要内容,虽然目前国内学者倾向于将相关论文发表在国外期刊上,但自始至终国内期刊仍是本领域科研成果的主阵地.随着开展植物与昆虫关系的研究日益增多,尚缺乏系统梳理本领域国内期刊论文的相关研究.为此,利用CiteSpace软件对1953—2020年CNKI数据库收录学术论文的年度发文...     

利用现有设备和技术控制燃煤烟气汞污染研究进展

就当前国内外利用现有气体净化设备和传统的脱汞技术进行燃煤电站汞污染控制研究进展进行了综述,并对各类设备与技术的脱汞特点进行了比较和分析,提出了适合我国国情的研究方向建议。     

温度对生态浮床系统的影响

通过构建生态浮床净化临江河重污染河水,全面考察了温度对浮床系统的影响.结果表明,温度对生态浮床系统有明显的影响作用,对生态浮床系统氮、磷净化效果的影响呈抛物线型.在水温为2~29℃时,生态浮床对TN和TP的去除率随温度的增加而明显增加;当水温超过29℃时,系统对TN和TP的去除率随温度的增加呈下降趋势;且温度对TN去除效果的影响要大于对TP的影响.研究表明,浮床系统的最佳运行水温为25~29℃,此时浮床植物的平均株高为209.9cm,对氮、磷的平均累积量分别为69.84,19.73g/m2;浮床对TN和TP的去除率分别为38.7%~44.1%和38.6%~43.6%.     

云南地区中国种子植物特有属的研究

物种特有现象的研究具有重要的区系地理学和保护生物学意义。利用大尺度的植物物种分布信息,探讨了云南地区中国种子植物特有属的科、属组成,区系性质及其地理分布格局。结果表明,云南地区拥有中国种子植物特有属125属,分属于59科,共含种子植物246种,是中国种子植物特有属的重要分布地区之一。含特有属较多的科主要为菊科Compositae、苦苣苔科Gesnefiaceae、伞形科Umbelliferae、禾本科Gramineae和唇形科Labiatae。从各属所包含的物种数来看,单型属占主体地位。根据科的分布区类型构成,云南地区中国种子植物特有属主要起源于热带地区。从属的生活型构成来看,主要以草本植物属为主,而木本植物属所占比重相对较小,暗示着研究区域内特有属的区系兼有年轻成分和古老成分,但以年轻成分为主。从空间分布格局来看,特有属主要分布在“田中线”以东地区。与过去的研究结果不同,我们发现云南地区拥有3个重要的特有属分布中心和3个次级分布中心。