南宁城市大气污染对人体健康的危害及治理对策

南宁市大气属煤烟型污染 ,大气的主要污染物为SO2 、NOx、TSP、降尘 ,虽然随着环境管理和污染治理工作的加强 ,污染物浓度逐年下降 ,但是工业区大气污染仍然较重。污染物流行病学调查显示 :工业区癌症和呼吸系统疾病死亡率均高于全市平均水平 2倍左右 ,城区又高于郊区 2倍 ,大气污染综合指数与呼吸内科门诊就诊人数呈正相关。用邓聚龙的灰色系统理论分析得知污染物对癌症和呼吸系统疾病死亡率有关联 ,关联度从大到小排序为 :TSP >降尘 >SO2 >NOx ,最后提出了大气污染治理的对策。     

Effect of Mountain Relief and Industrial Air Pollution on Biometric Characteristics of Pine Stands

The effect of mountain relief and industrial air pollution on biometric parameters of pine stands was studied. The empirical–statistical models of the dependence of biometric characteristics on the parameters of forest sites were developed using raster modeling and multivariate analysis. The possibility of predicting changes in the biometric parameters at any site on the basis of these models is shown.     

Tolerance of calluna vulgaris and peatland plant communities to sulphuric acid deposition

Critical loads offer a unique way of evaluating impacts of acid deposition by quantifying environmental sensitivity. The critical loads of acidity for UK peat soils have been based upon an arbitrary reduction in pH of 0.2 units. This chemical shift needs to be better related to adverse effects on sensitive biological receptors. It is known that effective precipitation pH equates closely to soil solution pH, and the latter is directly linkable to biotic effects of pH change. On continuation of a long-term experiment assessing impacts of simulated acid rain on peat microcosms in a realistic outdoor environment, Calluna vulgaris continued to flourish at acid deposition loads well above the existing critical load. Calluna plants were harvested and analysed, and acid deposition treatments to the microcosms continued to allow natural vegetation to regenerate. A diverse mixture of moorland plants and bryophytes established at acidity treatments well above the existing critical load, and only a very high acid load resulted in no natural regeneration. A critical effective rain pH value of 3.6 is suggested as a basis for setting critical loads. At this pH, Calluna grows well, and a healthy diverse vegetation community re-establishes when harvested. It is suggested that the peat critical load should be set at the acid load that, at any specific site, would result in a mean effective precipitation pH of 3.6.     

乡镇工业污染防治战略初探

本文通过对乡镇工业经济发展现状及其环境问题的评价分析,提出乡镇工业环境管理应按本地自然条件、经济发展水平和乡镇企业的特点,实施分区域、按行业、有重点地进行管理的防治战略。并建议我国环境管理在以城市和大工业为重点的同时,及早将乡镇工业污染防治工作放在战略高度加以重视,切实加强乡镇工业环境管理。     

A Marine Pollution Study of Northeast Coastal Water Off Taiwan Island

The coastal water of northeast Taiwan island, called 'Yin-Yang Hai' for its distinct yellow colour compared with blue offshore water, was investigated from 1989 to 1990 by the authors. Biological study showed the dominant species of plankton to be Copepoda, Cladocera, planktonic eggs and Diatoma. Dominant species of benthos were young crabs, Amphipoda and Annelida, with Amphipoda usually occurring in heavily polluted areas. Heavy metal data showed that the concentration of copper was high. the copper and iron concentration in algae of the intertidal zone was also high. the concentrations of iron and copper in inshore water were also higher than in offshore water. By comparison of the pH and salinity distribution of this area, we conclude that this coastal water has been polluted by acid waste water from coastal industry. the suspended solids concentration in sea water is high. Flocculation occurring at the boundary of fresh and saline water might be a reason for the distinct yellow colour of the water of this area. Further study is required.     

降水空间异质性对非点源关键源区识别面积变化的影响

针对地形起伏和降水空间差异较大的农业区非点源污染问题,基于SWAT模型评估了阿什河流域在异质性降水和均匀降水两种情景下总氮、总磷关键源区空间变化规律,统计了两种情景下识别的关键源区面积变化,并分析其与降水特征参数的关系.结果表明,降水量一定时,两种情景下识别的总氮、总磷关键源区面积变化趋势大致相同,且总磷关键源区面积不易受降水空间异质性的影响,但总氮关键源区面积却明显受到其影响.对各年份总氮和总磷关键源区面积与降水特征参数的相关分析表明,总磷关键源区面积与当年降水量呈显著正相关,而总氮关键源区面积却与前一年降水量呈显著正相关.研究结果对进一步探讨降水这一重要驱动因子的不确定性对非点源污染关键源区的影响,以及农业非点源污染的治理具有重要意义.     

长江经济带突发水污染风险分区研究

长江经济带突发水污染事件频发,对区域人群健康和生态安全造成严峻挑战.环境风险分区是环境风险管理的基础和有效工具.本研究以2015年为基准年,基于环境统计数据、DEM数据、水质监测断面数据和基础地理数据,综合考虑了水系流向、水系级别及水质等因素,以1 km×1 km的网格为基本单元,对长江经济带开展突发水污染风险分区.结果表明:①高风险区面积为3348.9 km~2,占评估区总面积的0.16%;较高风险区面积为26030.7 km~2,占比1.27%;中风险区面积为97971.1 km~2,占比4.79%;低风险区面积为1916838.7 km~2,占比93.77%;②从沿长江干流两岸分布来看,高风险区面积沿长江上游至下游呈逐渐增加趋势,主要集中分布在重庆市中部、湖北省东部、安徽省东部、江苏省中西部、浙江省北部、上海市西部等地;③从沿长江主要支流两岸分布来看,高风险区主要分布在嘉陵江南段、乌江南段、汉水东段、湘江北段、赣江北段等.研究结果可为长江经济带生态环境管理提供科学依据.     

京津冀大气污染的时空分布与人口暴露

经济的快速发展和城市化导致京津冀地区的空气质量不断恶化,已经引起学术界广泛的关注.为了揭示近年来京津冀地区大气污染状况,本研究基于中国空气质量在线监测分析平台发布的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、CO、NO_2和O_3_8 h_max长期监测数据,采用统计学的方法分析了2014—2018年京津冀13个市这6种污染物的时空变化特征,结合各城市人口数据,评估了在此背景下该地区PM_(2.5)和O_3_8 h_max的人口暴露风险.结果表明:京津冀地区PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、CO和NO_2近年来整体上呈下降趋势,而O_3_8 h_max则呈上升趋势.总体而言,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、CO和NO_2表现为冬季最高、春秋季次之、夏季最低的特征,而O_3_8 h_max则表现为夏季春季秋季冬季的特点,并在月变化上呈倒"V"型,从1月份开始逐渐上升,在6月份达到峰值,而后又逐渐下降.空间上,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、CO和NO_2呈现南高北低的分布特征,而O_3_8 h_max在2014—2016年呈现北高南低的分布特征,但在2017—2018年则呈现南高北低的分布特点.此外,京津冀北部地区PM_(2.5)的来源主要是一次气溶胶,而二次气溶胶是中部地区PM_(2.5)的主要来源.除秦皇岛、承德和张家口外,其他城市细粒子在颗粒物中占的比重较大.随着近年来PM_(2.5)浓度的降低,暴露于高浓度的PM_(2.5)中的人口比例逐年减少,但距离年平均浓度限值还相差很远.除2014年外,暴露在O_3浓度超标情况下的人口在2015—2017年逐渐上升.     

土地整治对工业区周边土壤微生物多样性和群落结构影响分析

为探究土地整治对重金属污染环境下土壤理化性质及其中微生物的影响,本文基于Illumina高通量测序技术,对比分析了工业区周边土地整治区内外的土壤微生物群落结构和多样性.结果表明:①从土壤性质来看,土地整治区重金属污染状况和土壤质量均优于非整治区.②从土壤微生物群落结构来看,水田土壤微生物群落主要的菌门为变形菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门,而土地整治可能降低了变形菌门相对丰度,提高了绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门的相对丰度,同时在属水平上也提高了鞘脂单胞菌属、地杆菌属的相对丰度.③从土壤微生物多样性来看,土地整治区中土壤微生物多样性和功能性明显得到改善,但随着重金属污染程度的升高,改善效果逐渐减弱.④Spearman相关性分析表明,Cd、Hg、Pb、pH、AP是影响微生物群落的主要环境因子,而硫杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、鞘脂单胞菌属与多种重金属元素表现出显著的正相关关系.本研究证实了土地整治有助于改善土壤微生物多样性和功能性,并提升土壤质量.     

基于LOADEST和数字滤波的水源地基流氮素输出定量方法应用实例

地表直接径流和基流均是流域非点源氮/磷养分输出的重要水文途径.科学认识和定量模拟基流氮/磷养分输出对于准确解析水源地水体非点源污染来源至关重要.基于Load Estimator模型和数字滤波算法,建立了定量水源地基流氮素输出的方法体系.以浙江省珊溪水源地的玉泉溪流域为例,利用玉泉溪2010-01—2013-12期间逐月总氮(TN)水质监测数据和逐日流量数据,展示了该方法的计算过程.结果表明,本文建立的水源地基流氮素输出定量方法结果合理,模拟精度高,决定系数和纳什系数分别为0.83和0.80;玉泉溪流域2010—2013年TN负荷量为141.21～274.68 t·a~(-1),平均208.63 t·a~(-1),年基流TN负荷量为84.39～168.68 t·a~(-1),平均127.69 t·a~(-1);基流对玉泉溪年均TN负荷量贡献率高达60%以上,流域基流养分输出对地表水体的污染应引起足够重视.