新型活性焦干法脱硫脱硝脱汞反应塔流场的模拟与优化

在CFD软件Fluent中,选择k-ε湍流模型,多孔介质模型和SIMPLE算法,对新型脱硫脱硝脱汞反应塔内的三维流场进行数值模拟,结果发现,反应塔入口处烟气流场存在大漩涡。为消除漩涡,使穿过活性焦层的烟气均匀化,以充分利用活性焦层的空间来提高脱除效率,提出在入口处加装弯曲导流板,并通过相对标准偏差确定最优导流板长度。同时模拟了在最优喷氨位置处加装涡旋混合器时氨气和烟气的混合情况。结果表明,最优导流板长度(3.6 m)明显改善了烟气的均匀性,促使入口处的压降下降100 Pa左右。涡旋混合器形成的小漩涡,增强了烟气和氨气的混合。最后对照不同流量下实验值和模拟值的压降变化,验证了多孔介质模型的可行性。模拟结果对设备的优化设计和实际运行具有指导作用。     

陶粒固定化脱氮菌群对景观水中NO3--N的去除

以陶粒为载体对脱氮菌群进行固定化,并对ρ(NO3--N)较高的景观水进行模拟脱氮试验;同时比较了陶粒和海绵作为载体的固定化脱氮菌群在室温保存过程中脱氮活性的变化.结果表明,陶粒固定化脱氮菌群可以在短时间内有效去除景观水体中的NO3--N;模拟景观水试验处理2 d后,NO3--N的去除率为98.1%,TN的去除率为91.5%;试验第3～10天ρ(NO3--N)、ρ(TN)一直保持稳定,说明陶粒固定化脱氮菌群的作用具有一定的稳定性,不会出现ρ(NO3--N)波动现象.10 d后ρ(NO3--N)从初始的16.72 mgL降至0.19 mgL,NO3--N的去除率为98.8%;ρ(TN)从初始的17.89 mgL降至0.95mgL,TN的去除率为94.7%.分别将陶粒和海绵固定化脱氮菌群在室温下保存60 d后进行脱氮试验,NO3--N的去除率分别为99.8%、17.2%,说明在室温保存状态下陶粒固定化脱氮菌群能长时间保持脱氮活性.     

多孔TiO2薄膜电极/泡沫镍硬模板制备及其光电催化性能

以泡沫镍为载体,活性炭为造孔剂,采用硬模板法制备泡沫镍负载多孔TiO2薄膜(Porous TiO,films/foam nicel,PTFN)电极,并利用XRD和SEM等测试手段对其结构进行表征.同时,通过亚甲基蓝溶液的光电催化降解反应,对其光电催化活性进行评价,并探讨阳极偏压、通气速率、亚甲基蓝初始溶液浓度和活性炭造孔剂量对降解效率的影响规律.结果表明:相对于未加模板造孔剂的TiO2薄膜电极的光电催化性能,泡沫镍负载多孔TiO2薄膜具有更好的光电催化性能,原因是高比表面积电极有利于为光电催化提供高浓度的亚甲基蓝分子,使反应速率加快;另外,存在最佳的光电催化降解条件,即当外加阳极偏压为3 V,通气速率为40 L·h-1,n(活性炭造孔剂最):n(前驱体中钛)(即C/Ti)为10％,亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度为1mg·L-1时,光电催化降解效率最高.同时,研究发现,亚甲基蓝在光电催化降解过程中,通过自由基的氧化发生了C=N键的断裂去甲基化,最后被降解为H2O、CO2和SO42-、NO3-、Cl-离子.     

Porous FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08：Highly efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of Methylene Blue under visible-light illumination

Porous S-doped bismuth vanadate with an olive-like morphology and its supported iron oxide （y wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08, y = 0.06, 0.76, and 1.40） photocatalysts were fabricated using the dodecylamine-assisted alcohol-hydrothermal and incipient wetness impregnation methods, respectively. It is shown that the y wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08 photocatalysts contained a monoclinic scheetlite BiVO4 phase with a porous olive-like morphology, a surface area of 8.8-9.2 m^2/g, and a bandgap energy of 2.38-2.42 eV. There was co-presence of surface Bi^5＋, Bi^3＋, V^5＋, V^3＋, Fe^3＋, and Fe^2＋ species in y wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08. The 1.40 wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08 sample performed the best for Methylene Blue degradation under visible-light illumination. The photocatalytic mechanism was also discussed. We believe that the sulfur and FeOx co-doping, higher oxygen adspecies concentration, and lower baudgap energy were responsible for the excellent visible-light-driven catalytic activity of 1.40 wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08.     

高岭土负载纳米铁在含水层的运移行为及重金属污染修复效能研究

为克服重金属污染物修复过程中纳米零价铁易氧化、团聚等缺陷,本研究将其负载于高岭土表面合成负载型纳米零价铁复合材料（K-nZVI）,并利用批次试验、沉降试验及模拟柱试验研究了K-nZVI在含水层中的运移行为及其对地下水重金属污染的修复效能.结果表明,K-nZVI对Pb、Cu、Cd均有很好的去除效果,去除率随着初始浓度的增加、反应温度的升高、反应时间的延长而升高,且在弱碱性条件下修复效果最好.此外,K-nZVI在含水层中表现出较好的分散和稳定性能,运移行为可通过一维对流-弥散-沉积模型描述,其运移能力随着初始浓度的增加、砂颗粒粒径的减小、地下水流速的降低和离子浓度的升高而逐渐减弱.     

Efficient nitrogen doped porous carbonaceous CO2 adsorbents based on lotus leaf

In this work, the waste biomass lotus leaf was converted into N-doped porous carbonaceous CO₂ adsorbents. The synthesis process includes carbonization of lotus leaf, melamine post-treatment and KOH activation. For the resultant sorbents, high nitrogen content can be contained due to the melamine modification and advanced porous structure were formed by KOH etching. These samples were carefully characterized by different techniques and their CO₂ adsorption properties were investigated in detail. These sorbents hold good CO₂ adsorption abilities, up to 3.87 and 5.89 mmol/g at 25 and 0°C under 1 bar, respectively. By thorough investigation, the combined interplay of N content and narrow microporous volume was found to be responsible for the CO₂ uptake for this series of sorbents. Together with the high CO₂ adsorption abilities, these carbons also display excellent reversibility, high CO₂/N₂ selectivity, applicable heat of adsorption, fast CO₂ adsorption kinetics and good dynamic CO₂ adsorption capacity. This study reveals a universal method of obtaining N-doped porous carbonaceous sorbents from leaves. The low cost of raw materials accompanied by easy synthesis procedure disclose the enormous potential of leaves-based carbons in CO₂ capture as well as many other applications.     

以淀粉为模板多孔纳米氧化铈的制备及其催化性能研究

为获得多孔纳米CeO₂（氧化铈）,以淀粉为生物模板,以Ce（NO₃）₃·6H₂O为铈源,在温和条件下制备出海绵状的多孔纳米CeO₂,同时考察了焙烧温度、碱液、铈源投加量对样品形貌的影响.利用XRD（X射线衍射光谱）、SEM（扫描电镜）、N₂吸附-脱附等表征手段对合成的多孔纳米CeO₂进行物相组成、微观形貌及孔径大小分布的分析.通过湿式催化过氧化试验,探究其对腈纶废水中有机物COD_Cr的催化降解性能.结果表明:①所制备的多孔纳米CeO₂具有多孔结构,孔径分布范围为2~4 nm,孔容为0.225 cm3/g,BET比表面积为256.426 m2/g;②多孔纳米CeO₂的最佳制备条件为1 g淀粉溶解于20 mL水中,加入0.02 mol Ce（NO₃）₃·6H₂O,以5%的氨水调节前驱体混合液pH,以1℃/min升至400℃,焙烧4 h,得到海绵状的多孔纳米CeO₂.③以不同形貌的CeO₂作为湿式催化反应中的催化剂,催化降解腈纶废水中有机物,其中以制备的多孔纳米CeO₂催化性能最佳,COD_Cr去除率可达82.5%.研究显示,焙烧温度、碱液、铈源投加量均可影响样品的形貌,在湿式催化过氧化处理腈纶废水试验中,多孔纳米CeO₂能显著提高废水COD_Cr的去除率.      

Analytical solutions of three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media: A library

The purpose of this study is to present a library of analytical solutions for the three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media with the first-order decay, linear sorption, and zero-order production. The library is constructed using Green’s function method (GFM) in combination with available solutions. The library covers a wide range of solutions for various conditions. The aquifer can be vertically finite, semi-infinitive or infinitive, and laterally semi-infinitive or infinitive. The geometry of the sources can be of point, line, plane or volumetric body; and the source release can be continuous, instantaneous, or by following a given function over time. Dimensionless forms of the solutions are also proposed. A computer code FlowCAS is developed to calculate the solutions. Calculated results demonstrate the correctness of the presented solutions. The library is widely applicable to solve contaminant transport problems of one- or multiple- dimensions in uniform flow fields.     

复掺轻骨料纤维喷射混凝土力学及导热性能试验研究*

为有效隔绝高地温公路隧道、深部高温巷道施工过程中的围岩散热,利用正交试验方法,以不同复合陶粒、陶砂掺量、聚丙烯纤维为影响因素,设计出1种隔热效应的轻骨料纤维喷射混凝土（Lightweight Aggregate Fiber Shotcrete,LAFS）,进行含水率、抗压、劈裂抗拉及导热性能试验,并借助X射线衍射、扫描电镜对LAFS进行机理分析。结果表明:3种因素对LAFS力学及导热性能的影响程度均为陶粒掺量>陶砂掺量>聚丙烯纤维掺量,本试验条件下,复合双掺陶粒、陶砂分别取代石子、砂子的最佳体积率为12%,6%,聚丙烯纤维的最佳掺量范围为0.2%~0.3%。建立的LAFS各性能预测模型可为工程应用LAFS确定其配比时提供试验依据。     

Fractionation and solubility of cadmium in paddy soils amended with porous hydrated calcium silicate

Previous studies have shown that porous hydrated calcium silicate （PS） is very effective in decreasing cadmium （Cd） content in brown rice. However, it is unclear whether the PS influences cadmium transformation in soil. The present study examined the effect of PS on pH, cadmium transformation and cadmium solubility in Andosol and Alluvial soil, and also compared its effects with CaCO3, acidic porous hydrated calcium silicate （APS） and silica gel. Soil cadmium was operationally fractionationed into exchangeable （Exch）, bound to carbonates （Carb）, bound to iron and manganese oxides （FeMnOx）, bound to organic matters （OM） and residual （Res） fraction. Application of PS and CaCO3 at hig rates enhanced soil pH, while APS and silica gel did not obviously change soil pH. PS and CaCO3 also increased the FeMnOx-Cd in Andosol and Carb-Cd in Alluvial soil, thus reducing the Exch-Cd in the tested soils. However, PS was less effective than CaCO3 at the same application rate. Cadmium fractions in the two soils were not changed by the treatments of APS and silica gel. There were no obvious differences in the solubility of cadmium in soils treated with PS, APS, silica gel and CaCO3 except Andosol treated 2.0% CaCO3 at the same pH of soil-CaC12 suspensions. These findings suggested that the decrease of cadmium availability in soil was mainly attributed to the increase of soil pH caused by PS.