施用化肥对农业生态环境的负面影响及对策

论述了肥料的过量使用对我国的农业生态环境质量的负面影响，提出了合理施用化肥防治环境污染的对策。认为过量施用化肥引起土壤酸化和板结、重金属污染、硝酸盐污染和土壤次生盐渍化，从而导致土壤肥力下降，并且造成水体富营养化，淋溶污染地下水，致使作物品质下降，硝酸盐含量超标，并通过食物链危害人体健康。此外，认为化肥对大气环境的影响主要集中在氮肥上，氨挥发和NOx、CH4及CO2的释放，不仅能引起温室效应，而且还能够引起臭氧层的破坏。提出了相应的对策：增加科技教育的投入，提高农民的科学文化素质，提高全民的环境意识；合理施肥；结合国家的调控政策，在粮食产量与环境保护、作物产量与产品品质之间找到平衡点。     

哈尔滨土壤提取液中的卤代前驱物

通过连续过滤方法和实验室氯化，臭氧化实验研究了哈尔滨地区土壤提取液中天然有机物的卤代活性以及不同的形态天然有机物的差异，比较了氯化和臭氧化条件下的卤代烃生成量及处理后的7日卤代潜力，研究结果表明，在数分钟的氯化实验中，憎水有机物，腐殖酸类化合物和非腐殖酸类亲水有机物的单位有机碳卤代烃生成量分别为1.46,0.35和4.03μg/mg(C），而7日卤代潜力则分别为6.6,57.2和40.6μg/mg(C)，可见其差别不仅表现在热力学文献，而且反应在反应速率方面，在本实验条件下，臭氧化能够降低大约水样的一半卤代潜力。     

城市饮用水消毒副产物及前体物的处理技术

介绍了饮用水中消毒副产物的前体物的控制和消除的策略与处理工艺，消毒副产物的前体物处理技术及近年发展起来的饮用水生物处理技术及其发展前景。     

长江经济带农业源非二氧化碳温室气体排放的时空特征

利用清单方法核算了1980~2016年长江经济带农业源非二氧化碳（CO₂）温室气体的排放总量和排放强度,分析了不同经济发展情景和农业-环境脱钩状态下长江经济带2030年和2050年的排放情景.研究表明：时间维度上,1980~2016年长江经济带农业源非CO₂温室气体排放总量呈上升趋势,从0.26Gt CO₂-eq上升到0.32Gt CO₂-eq;2030年和2050年在高情景和中情景2种情景下,长江经济带农业源非CO₂温室气体排放量不会达峰,江苏、湖南、重庆、云南、湖北和安徽等六省（市）的单位农地面积排放强度将增加;3种情景下,四川始终为单位农地面积排放强度较低的地区.     

南昌市PM2.5中铵盐及其气态前体物的分布特征与转化机制

在南昌市三种类型环境区域(混合区、道路区域以及郊区)开展PM_(2.5)中NH_4~+和空气中NH_3的同步采样监测,分析PM_(2.5)中铵盐及其气态前体物的分布特征,探讨氨气的转化与细粒子铵盐的形成机制,结果显示:2014-2015年采样期间南昌不同区域空气中NH_3浓度和PM_(2.5)中NH_4~+浓度较高;NH_3浓度存在空间分布差异,反映了不同环境区域NH_3源强的差异;NH_4~+浓度的空间分布表现为道路区域、郊区高于混合区,源于道路区域和郊区的气态前体物浓度高;NH_3/NH_4~+比值郊区道路区混合区,反映NH_4~+的形成受前体物(SO_2、NO_x)影响大;NH_3浓度春秋冬夏,说明NH_3源强受各季气象条件的影响大;NH_4~+浓度呈现秋冬高、春夏低的特征,反映不同季节的气象条件对铵盐的生成、清除和分解的影响不同;然而,NH_3/NH_4~+比值春夏秋冬,NH_3/NH_4~+比值季节分布与NH_4~+浓度季节分布呈相反的趋势;NH_3浓度昼、夜分布有差异,受昼夜间温差、太阳辐射、源强、逆温等多种因素的影响;NH_4~+浓度日变化各季节有差异;NH_3/NH_4~+比值日分布与NH_3浓度日分布相似;不同季节PM_(2.5)中铵盐形成的受控因素有差异,主要影响因素是气态前体物和温度、湿度;NH_4~+/SO_4~(2-)的比值(1.5),表明铵盐充足;铵盐形式主要为硫酸铵、硝酸铵,硫酸氢铵较少。     

生物质炭与有机物料混施对土壤温室气体排放和微生物活性的影响

土壤是温室气体的重要排放源,在土壤中施入生物质炭和有机物料对土壤微生物在土壤碳氮转化和微量气体代谢方面有着重要作用,不过迄今在生物质炭和有机物料混施对土壤温室气体排放和微生物活性的影响方面的研究尚少.本研究采用室内培养试验,利用土壤添加生物质炭和生物质炭与不同有机物料混施,探究生物质炭和有机物料混施对土壤温室气体排放及微生物活性的影响.共设5个处理:新鲜土壤(S)、新鲜土壤+2%生物质炭(SB)、新鲜土壤+2%生物质炭+1%大豆饼(SBS)、新鲜土壤+2%生物质炭+1%小麦秸秆(SBW)、新鲜土壤+2%生物质炭+1%鸡粪(SBC).研究表明:只添加生物质炭对温室气体的排放影响不明显;生物质炭与有机物料混施使土壤的CO2、N2O排放明显增加,而对CH4的排放影响不明显;从温室气体增温潜势(GWP)变化可以看出有机物料施用对温室效应具有明显的增强作用;生物质炭与有机物料混施在一定程度上增加微生物生物量碳和代谢熵(q CO2),各处理的代谢熵是对照处理S的0.18~4.37倍;不同有机物料对FDA水解酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性都表现为激活作用.     

宝鸡市夏季臭氧及其前体物污染特征研究

采用宝鸡市2014年夏季臭氧相关监测数据对臭氧及其前体物污染特征进行研究。结果表明:多云导致的太阳辐射降低对臭氧浓度下降贡献40%,降水对臭氧浓度降低贡献55%。O3与NOx在辐射时段内呈一次负相关,相关系数为0.96,在无辐射时段无显著相关性。O3与CO在辐射时段呈二次线性负相关,相关系数为0.92,在无辐射时段呈二次线性正相关,相关系数为0.96。宝鸡市夏季CO/NOx比值为40.5。     

Large inter annual variation in air quality during the annual festival ‘Diwali' in an Indian megacity

A network of air quality and weather monitoring stations was established under the System of Air Quality Forecasting and Research(SAFAR) project in Delhi. We report observations of ozone(O_3), nitrogen oxides(NO_x), carbon monoxide(CO) and particulate matter(PM_2.5and PM_(10)) before, during and after the Diwali in two consecutive years, i.e., November 2010 and October 2011. The Diwali days are characterised by large firework displays throughout India. The observations show that the background concentrations of particulate matter are between 5 and 10 times the permissible limits in Europe and the United States. During the Diwali-2010, the highest observed PM_(10) and PM_2.5mass concentration is as high as2070 μg/m~3 and 1620 μg/m3, respectively(24 hr mean), which was about 20 and 27 times to National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS). For Diwali-2011, the increase in PM_(10) and PM_2.5mass concentrations was much less with their peaks of 600 and of 390 μg/m~3 respectively, as compared to the background concentrations. Contrary to previous reports,firework display was not found to strongly influence the NO_x, and O_3 mixing ratios, with the increase within the observed variability in the background. CO mixing ratios showed an increase. We show that the large difference in 2010 and 2011 pollutant concentrations is controlled by weather parameters.     

Quantifying methane emission from fugitive sources by combining tracer release and downwind measurements – A sensitivity analysis based on multiple field surveys

Using a dual species methane/acetylene instrument based on cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS), the dynamic plume tracer dispersion method for quantifying the emission rate of methane was successfully tested in four measurement campaigns: (1) controlled methane and trace gas release with different trace gas configurations, (2) landfill with unknown emission source locations, (3) landfill with closely located emission sources, and (4) comparing with an Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) instrument using multiple trace gasses for source separation. The new real-time, high precision instrument can measure methane plumes more than 1.2 km away from small sources (about 5 kg h^?1) in urban areas with a measurement frequency allowing plume crossing at normal driving speed. The method can be used for quantification of total methane emissions from diffuse area sources down to 1 kg per hour and can be used to quantify individual sources with the right choice of wind direction and road distance. The placement of the trace gas is important for obtaining correct quantification and uncertainty of up to 36% can be incurred when the trace gas is not co-located with the methane source. Measurements made at greater distances are less sensitive to errors in trace gas placement and model calculations showed an uncertainty of less than 5% in both urban and open-country for placing the trace gas 100 m from the source, when measurements were done more than 3 km away. Using the ratio of the integrated plume concentrations of tracer gas and methane gives the most reliable results for measurements at various distances to the source, compared to the ratio of the highest concentration in the plume, the direct concentration ratio and using a Gaussian plume model. Under suitable weather and road conditions, the CRDS system can quantify the emission from different sources located close to each other using only one kind of trace gas due to the high time resolution, while the FTIR system can measure multiple trace gasses but with a lower time resolution.     

Cost estimates of the Kigali Amendment to phase-down hydrofluorocarbons

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are synthetically produced compounds primarily used for cooling purposes and with strong global warming properties. In this paper, we analyze the global abatement costs for achieving the substantial reductions in HFC consumption agreed in the Kigali Amendment (KA) of the Montreal Protocol from October 2016. We estimate that compliance with the KA is expected to remove 39 Pg CO₂eq or 61% of global baseline HFC emissions over the entire period 2018–2050. The marginal cost of meeting the KA targets is expected to remain below 60 €/t CO₂eq throughout the period in all world regions except for developed regions where legislation to control HFC emissions has already been in place since a few years. For the latter regions, the required HFC consumption reduction is expected to come at a marginal cost increasing steadily to between 90 and 118 €/t CO₂eq in 2050. Depending on the expected rate of technological development and the extent to which envisaged electricity savings can be realized, compliance with KA is estimated attainable at a global cost ranging from a net cost-saving of 240 billion € to a net cost of 350 billion € over the entire period 2018 to 2050 and with future global electricity-savings estimated at between 0.2% and 0.7% of expected future electricity consumption.