周村水库四季变化过程中水体溶解性有机物的分布与光谱特征

运用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)及紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-vis),对周村水库四季变化过程中溶解性有机物(DOM)的分布及光谱特征进行了分析.结果表明:周村水库表层水体的氮素(总氮和溶解性总氮)和有机物(总有机碳和溶解性有机碳)的季节性差异显著,并且水库冬、春两季TN较多、TOC较少;表层水体DOM夏、秋两季的吸收系数a_(254)和a_(355)均高于冬、春季节,与有机物的分布相一致;四季的E3/E4均大于3.5,说明DOM以富里酸为主,E2/E3比值表明富里酸占DOM的比例夏、秋两季高于冬、春季节,除夏季外水库表层水体S_R均大于1,显示DOM主要为生物源;三维荧光通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类腐殖质(C1)、可见区富里酸(C2)和类蛋白(C3);对3个组分进行相关性分析,结果显示,C1、 C2、C3之间具有显著的相关性(p0.01);DOM的总荧光强度及各组分的荧光强度均呈现出夏秋季高、冬春季低的特征,总荧光强度最大值为夏季的(1993.52±40.84) A.U.,最小值为春季的(1074.10±113.63) A.U.;周村水库各个季节间的DOM总荧光强度和荧光组分C1的荧光强度除夏、秋外均呈现显著的差异性(p0.05),组分C2和C3的荧光强度均呈现显著差异性(p0.05);周村水库四季的DOM生物源指数(BIX)为0.8～1.0,表明水库DOM具有较强的自生源特征,与腐殖程度指标(HIX)的结果相吻合;PCA分析显示,周村水库表层水体DOM的光谱特征差异明显,夏、秋两季的DOM光谱特征相近,冬、春两季的水体DOM特征相似;并且组分C1、C2、C3与DOM特征参数(FI、β:α)及溶解性有机碳(DOC)呈显著相关性(p0.01).通过对周村水库水体四季的DOM光谱特征进行研究,可以进一步分析水库水体的有机物污染特征,并为水库水质管理提供技术支持.     

南京冬季晴天及雾-霾天气纳米气溶胶粒子谱日变化比较

利用2017年12月南京气溶胶数浓度与气象参数资料,比较研究晴天及雾-霾天中10~1000nm纳米气溶胶粒子谱日变化规律及差异特征.结果表明,单峰谱型出现与污染加重有明显关系,分别出现在晴天午后、霾严重污染阶段和污染消散阶段、浓雾过程,峰值粒径分别为晴天（20~100nm）、霾天（27~144nm）和雾天（34~122nm）.3种天气条件下,晴天较强的太阳辐射和较低的湿度适合小粒子生成,核模态占比在晴天最高;霾天气象场适合爱根态粒子大量稳定存在,爱根态占比在霾天最高;雾天大量气溶胶吸湿增长,导致积聚态占比在雾天最高.在霾天污染物累积阶段,大量积聚态粒子对核模态、爱根态粒子的碰并增长作用抑制核模态、爱根态粒子生成,核模态和爱根态粒子浓度变化率为-91.0%和-62.5%,而积聚态为89.7%.浓雾过程对爱根态粒子清除作用最明显.     

三峡库区消落带水体DOM不同分子量组分三维荧光特征

本研究利用超滤技术和三维荧光光谱,以三峡库区典型消落带水体溶解性有机质(DOM)不同分子量组分为对象,分析和讨论了不同分子量级分的组成差异和输入来源.结果表明,该区域DOM分子量分布情况较为分散,但胶体(M_r1×10~3~0.22μm)和真溶态组分(M_r1×10~3)均对DOC总质量贡献相当.不同分子量级分中均存在A、C、B、T峰,其相对含量分配均呈现出一致趋势,即真溶态(M_r1×10~3)低分子量组分(M_r1×10~3~10×10~3)中分子量组分(M_r10×10~3~30×10~3)高分子量组分(M_r30×10~3~0.22μm).另外,DOM随超滤分子量等级降低,FI和BIX值增加,"内源"输入特征增强;腐殖化程度降低(HIX值下降).陆源输入主要影响高、中分子组分,而内源输入主要影响低分子及真溶态部分.同时,沿岸不同土地利用类型对水体DOM性质和组成影响明显.土地利用类型多样性、生态景观结构复杂程度越高,水体DOM不同分子量等级中各荧光组分也越复杂.     

蠡湖表层沉积物荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)荧光光谱特征

应用三维荧光光谱技术(EEMS),研究了蠡湖表层沉积物荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)光谱特征,并探讨了沉积物中FDOM来源及与有机氮(SON)、无机氮(SIN)之间的相关性.结果表明,蠡湖表层沉积物FDOM由2类3个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质荧光组分C1(240,310/420 nm)、C2(260,360/460 nm)和类色氨酸荧光组分C3(225,275/340 nm).总荧光强度变化范围为:49.97~159.19 R.U.·g-1,在空间上呈自东向西依次递减,且沿岸区高于湖心区的趋势,C1、C2和C3相对比例分别为33.63%、26.87%、39.49%.荧光指数(FI)、生物源指数(BIX)和腐殖化指数(HIX)的变化范围分别为:1.96~2.22、0.69~0.94、2.62~4.39,显示蠡湖表层沉积物FDOM的来源具有自生源特性,主要为自生微生物、藻类等新近自生源.相关性分析表明,表层沉积物FDOM各组分与SON和SIN均呈显著正相关(P0.01),且与SIN的相关性较高.     

利用高光谱反演模型评估太湖水体叶绿素a浓度分布

叶绿素a浓度是评价水体富营养化和初级生产力的一个重要参数,高光谱遥感是获取叶绿素a浓度的有效手段.为建立太湖水域叶绿素a的最佳高光谱估算模型,选取2015年5—7月共计60组同步实测高光谱数据和叶绿素a浓度数据,在地面光谱反射率和叶绿素a浓度相关性分析的基础上,使用2∶1的数据样本进行太湖水域叶绿素a的最佳高光谱估算模型的建立和验证,筛选模型分别为波段比值、三波段、荧光峰位置、峰谷距离、一阶微分、NDCI(Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index)、峰面积、荧光峰高度、WCI(Water Chlorophyll-a Index)和四波段模型.结果表明,建模得到的四波段模型决定系数最高,峰面积模型的决定系数相对最低;四波段模型的反演精度最高,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.00376 mg·L~(-1),平均绝对误差(MAPE)为27.86%,而WCI模型的反演精度相对最低,RMSE为0.01231 mg·L~(-1),MAPE为45.11%.将反演精度最高的四波段模型应用于2015年8月3日的两景HSI(Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer)高光谱影像数据,也得到较高精度,利用同步实测叶绿素a浓度验证的决定系数为0.7643,RMSE为0.00433 mg·L~(-1),MAPE为45.62%.在春、夏季叶绿素对水体光学特性占主导作用且叶绿素分布均匀的情景下,本研究可为太湖水域叶绿素a的高光谱反演和水环境监测提供有价值的参考,其它季节水体光谱特点的研究尚待进一步开展.     

NO,N2气体中电晕放电高能电子密度分布的光谱实验研究

利用目前在等离子体特性诊断方面较为先进实用的发射光谱法，在常温常压下测量了正脉电晕放电ＮＯ发射光谱相对强度沿线－筒式反应器的径向分布以及Ｏ２对ＮＯ发射光谱强度的影响。由此得到了正脉冲电晕放电等离子体中高能电子的电子密度沿线－筒式反应器的径向分布情况。     

芳香型偶氮污染物紫外光谱量子力学指认及不同共轭态偶氮键电子激发研究

偶氮化合物是重要的工业化学品,也是常见的环境污染物,其紫外激发特征及"分子结构-紫外吸收"的构效关系暂未完全明确.本研究借助量子化学计算,通过对波函数与激发态"电子-空穴"的分析,描述偶氮化合物紫外吸收光谱和激发态特征.结果表明:反式偶氮苯实验紫外光谱的第一主要吸收峰应指认为π→π^*跃迁,对应其S₀→S₂激发,电子从最高占据轨道(HOMO)跃迁到最低未占据轨道(LUMO);它的第一激发过程(S₀→S₁)振子强度很小(f=0.031),对光谱贡献可以忽略.反式偶氮苯吸收峰位置与顺式相比普遍红移,表明反式结构中偶氮键通过"桥接效应"形成全局共轭,降低了激发能,对偶氮化合物的紫外吸收产生显著影响;在水溶液中,钠离子对偶氮键的电荷分布存在显著扰动,因此,孤立阴离子模型计算得到的甲基橙光谱与实验存在较大误差."推拉"电子官能团促使甲基橙分子高度极化,与钠离子和水分子作用较强,正确处理偶氮键附近的阳离子扰动是建立预测模型的关键.通过量子化学计算指认偶氮污染物紫外可见吸收光谱能为污染修复、环境工程技术开发、光学材料合成提供理论依据,具有重要意义.     

二次颗粒物源成分谱的建立在尘源解析中的作用

通过CMB模型计算各类尘源对TSP、PM10的影响时发现，二次颗粒物对尘源解析起到了不容忽视的作用，因此就二次颗粒物源成分谱进行了专门解析研究，并把二次颗粒物解析也纳入到模型中来，从而完善了源解析结果。     

Shifts in a Pacific Ocean Fish Assemblage: the Potential Influence of Exploitation

Abstract:  As in many regions of the world, marine fishes and invertebrates along the Pacific coast of the United States have long been subjected to overexploitation. Despite this history, however, we lack basic information on the current status of many fishes along this coastline. We used data from a quarter century of fishery-independent, coast-wide trawl surveys to study systematically the demersal fish assemblages along the U.S. Pacific coast. We documented fundamental shifts in this fish assemblage. Average fish size, across a diversity of species, has declined 45% in 21 years. There have been major shifts in the constituent species of the assemblage, with some species achieving annual population growth rates of >10% and others declining in excess of 10% per year. Annual rate of change in population size appeared to be a function of life history interacting with fishing pressure. Negative trends in population size were particularly apparent in rockfish ( Sebastes spp.). However, across all taxa examined, trends in population size were associated with size of maturity, maximum size, and growth rate. Trends in population size were associated inversely with harvest levels, but stocks that mature late tended to decline faster than would be predicted by catch rates alone. Our results are disquieting because they raise the possibility that fishing-induced phase shifts in fish communities may affect the recovery of fishes, even after the implementation of severe fishing restrictions.     

Multi-level complexity in the use of plant allelochemicals by aposematic insects

Summary As recognized by Miriam Rothschild as early as the 1960s and repeatedly emphasized in her papers, the use, misuse, or non-use of plant allelochemicals by insects is extremely variable and difficult to predict, at many levels of time, space, and biological organization. Although certain patterns that reoccur have been important in the development of ecological theory, the optimization of cost-benefit equations involving two or three trophic levels, each with large numbers of individuals, populations, and species in erratic and complex interactions, produces unexpected and fascinating scenarios. The development of rapid colorimetric and chromatographic analyses for several types of plant allelochemicals, notably certain groups of alkaloids, cardiac and cyanogenic glycosides, phenolics, terpenes, and glucosinolates, has permitted a detailed investigation of the variation and flow of these substances in natural organisms and ecosystems. The results of these analyses, in our hands mostly for pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), do not suggest a straightforward classical choice by the aposematic insect to simply sequester or synthesize its defences. Rather, they reveal a confusing variety of diffuse and complex patterns that become increasingly closer to chaos as they are multiplied across structures, species, sexes, stages, sites, seasons, and selective regimes. We present a model reflecting results of analyses at this chemoecological interface. Depending upon an initial option, involving the recognition (or not) of a plant allelochemical, the herbivore will face thereafter options to ingest it (or not), and then to tolerate and absorb (or detoxify and excrete), modify (or not), passively, actively or selectively accumulate, turn over (or not), distribute (or concentrate), and use this compound in a variety of growth, defense, or reproductive functions. The herbivore can also quantitatively or qualitatively regulate the intensity or dispersion of its attack on the plant tissues, in order to modify feedback loops of selection on the plant and its chemicals which exist in most of the earlier steps, or those with its predators and parasites that occur in the later ones. Options that lead to mutualism through positive feedback loops will tend to accumulate and become rapidly fixed by natural selection. Additional variations and anomalies such as automimicry, chemical mimicry, sexual dimorphism and communication, selective sequestration and passing-up of allelochemicals, special glands and structures, and synergism effects, are among the secondary complications of this model that have occupied much thought, time, experimental labor, and polemical space in chemical ecology journals and meetings. Examination of the tendencies and results at various points in the model can be used to explain these features and to make further predictions, plan experiments, and devise activity-based bioassays and new chemical analyses. These may lead some day to new and more robust visions of the major patterns of chemical transfer at this widespread and important natural interface.