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71.
D.N. Mungai C.L. Coulson J.K. Ng'' Ang'' A G.W.S. Netondo G.O. Umay C.J. Stigter 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2001,13(3):291-298
IntroductionOnlyabout 2 0 %ofKenya’stotallandareahashighpotentialforagriculturalproduction ,therestbeingaridorsemi arid .TheannualpopulationgrowthrateinKenyaofcloseto 4 %isoneofthehighestintheworld (e .g .UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme ,1990 ) .Thissituationhasl… 相似文献
72.
In 1996–1999, different mortality factors of pollen beetle larvae were investigated in twenty six rape fields in the northern part of Switzerland which had either a wild flower strip or an extensively managed meadow adjacent to the long side of the field. At 3 and 30 m into the crop from the conservation strip, total mortality, mortality from predators, parasitoids and unspecified factors were measured. Total pollen beetle larval mortality was 66–96%. Mortality caused by predators was 16–27% and there was no significant difference between mortality at 3 m and that 30 m from the extensively managed meadows. However, in fields with wild flower strips adjacent to them, the percentage mortality from predators was significantly greater at 30 m than at 3 m. The range of parasitism of pollen beetle larvae was 0–54% and was on average greater at 3 m than at 30 m. In fields with wild flower strips, the percentage parasitism with Tersilochus heterocerus was significantly higher than in fields with extensively managed meadows. However, mortality from all parasitoids was only 1–2% and there was no significant difference between 3 and 30 m. The effect of parasitoids on pollen beetle mortality was masked by the high unspecified mortality and the mortality from predators. The unspecified mortality was 46–72% and was significantly greater in 1998 and 1999 than in 1996 and 1997. These differences are probably because of meteorological factors (wet in 1999 and dry in 1998). The possible influences of the two types of conservation strips on pollen beetle larval density were investigated. The results show that in fields with adjacent wild flower strips, the pollen beetle larvae were more evenly distributed (but not significantly so) than in fields with extensively managed meadows where larval density decreases faster from the edge into the rape field. 相似文献
73.
二氧化硫对作物游离氨基酸浓度的作用 总被引:19,自引:1,他引:19
观察了四种作物接触二氧化硫后游离氨基酸,特别是十种昆虫必需氨基酸含量的变化.二氧化硫引起油菜、大豆和小麦叶片中昆虫必需氨基酸浓度明显增加,非必需氨基酸中,增加或减少趋势不一.玉米没有这种反应.二氧化硫熏气的大豆上叶螨生长繁殖快于对照.讨论了植物中氨基酸浓度的增加和大气污染诱发虫害加剧的关系. 相似文献
74.
To assess P losses to surface water by runoff during the rice season and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season, serial field trials were conducted in different types of paddy soils in the Tai Lake Region (TLR) during 2000 and 2001. Four P application rates were set as 0 (CK), 30, 150, and 300 kg P/hm2 for flooded rice trials and 0 (CK), 20, 80, 160 kg P/hm2 for winter wheat trials respectively. Field experiments were done in two locations with a plot size of 30 m2 and four replications in a randomized complete block design. A simplified lysimeter was installed for each plot to collect all the runoff or drainage flow from each event. Total P (TP) losses to surface water during rice season by runoff flow from four treatments were 150 (CK), 220 (T30), 395 (T150), 670 (T300) g P/hm2 in year 2000, and 298, 440, 1828, 3744 g P/hm2 in year 2001 respectively in Wuxi station, here the soil is permeable paddy soil derived from loam clay deposit. While the losses were 102, 140, 210, 270 in year 2000, and 128, 165, 359, 589 g P/hm2 in year 2001 respectively in Changshu station, here the soil is waterlogged paddy soil derived from silt loam deposit. During the winter wheat season, total P lost from the fields by drainage flow in the four treatments were 253 (CK), 382 (T20), 580 (T89), 818 (T160) g P/hm2 in year 2000–2001, and 573.3, 709.4, 1123.2, 1552.4 g P/hm2 in year 2001–2002 at the Wuxi station. While these were 395.6, 539.1, 1356.8, 1972.1 g P/hm2 in year 2000–2001, and 811.5, 1184.6, 3001.2, 5333.1 g P/hm2 in year 2001–2002 at the Changshu station. Results revealed that P fertilizer application rates significantly affected the TP concentrations and TP loads in runoff during the rice season, and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season. Both TP loads were significantly increased as the P application rate increases. The data indicate that TP losses to surface water were much higher during the winter wheat season than during the rice season in two tested sites. The data also reveal that the annual precipitation and evaporation rate affected the soil P losses to surface water significantly. Year 2000 was relatively dried with higher evaporation thus P losses to water by both runoff and drainage flow were less than in year 2001 which was a relatively wet year with lower evaporation. Results indicate that texture, structure of the soil profile, and field construction (with or without ridge and deep drains) affected soil P losses to surface water dramatically. Annual possible TP lost to water at the application rate of 50 kg P/hm2 year tested in TLR were estimated from 97 to 185 tones P from permeable paddy soils and 109–218 tones P from waterlogged paddy soils. There was no significant difference of TP lost between the CK and the T50 treatments in both stations, which indicate that there is no more TP lost in field of normal P fertilizer application rate than in control field of no P fertilized. Much higher TP lost in runoff or drainage flow from those other P application rates treatments than from the T50 treatment, which suggest that P losses to surface water would be greatly increasing in the time when higher available P accumulation in plough layer soil in this region. 相似文献
75.
Lihong WANG Xiaohua HUANG Qing ZHOU 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2008,2(3):364-369
Seed germination of plants with various acid-resistance display different responses to acid rain. To understand the reason
why such differences occur, the effects of simulated acid rain (pH 2.5–5.0) on the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase
(CAT) during seed germination of rice (O. sativa), wheat (T. aestivum), and rape (B. chinensis var. oleifera) were investigated. Results indicated that the maximum change in activities of CAT and POD by acid rain treatment with different
acidity and time in relation to the referent treatment without acid rain, was in the order: rice (28.8%, 31.7%) < wheat (34.7%,
48.3%) < rape (79.3%, 50.0%). The pH level for which the treatment with acid rain did not cause significant difference (p < 0.05) was in the order: rice (3.5).wheat (4.0).rape (5.0). Moreover, the change in activity of POD was higher than that
of CAT, which showed that POD was more sensitive to acid rain stress than CAT. The difference in the ability of POD and CAT
in removing free radicals was one reason why the germination indexes of these three species behaved differently.
__________
Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(6): 123–125 [译自: 环境科学] 相似文献
76.
不同类型模拟酸雨对油菜营养品质的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用完全随机区组设计方法,在大田试验条件下研究了混合模拟酸雨(MAR)、硫酸模拟酸雨(SAR)和硝酸模拟酸雨(NAR)对油菜营养品质的影响作用及其机制,旨在为防治酸雨对我国农业生产的影响提供科学依据.试验结果表明,在弱酸性条件下,3种不同类型酸雨均能促进油菜籽总游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质的合成,而在强酸性条件下,NAR和MAR对以上2种组分会有较强的抑制作用,且以NAB的抑制作用较明显.3种不同类型模拟酸雨作用下,油菜籽粗脂肪含量随着pH值的上升呈先增加后下降的变化趋势,其中在较强酸性条件下NAB和MAR即能抑制作物粗脂肪的合成,而SAR的影响明显不及前两者.随着酸雨酸度的增强,3种不同酸雨均能使油菜籽硫苷总量持续增加,且在较强酸性条件下NAB和MAR的促进作用影响较大.3种不同类型酸雨均能一定程度地降低作物油酸含量,但NAB在pH≤4.1时能较大地促进亚油酸、亚麻酸和芥酸的合成,从而使作物品质下降. 相似文献
77.
水资源约束地区种植结构优化研究——以华北地区为例 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12
在水资源短缺地区,除了节水灌溉技术、节水栽培技术之外,调整种植结构也是农业节水的一项重要技术措施。论文综合考虑区域社会、经济、环境协调发展,构建了区域节水高效种植结构调整的多目标模糊优化模型,克服了以往模型研究中存在的只注重经济效益而忽视社会和生态效益的局限性。并应用该模型对水资源严重短缺的华北地区进行实证研究,通过对该区种植结构调整的定量分析运算,提出了该区2010年和2030年的节水高效种植结构优化调整方案,该方案重点压缩了高耗水作物种植比例,扩大了低耗水作物种植比例,种植业用水效率逐步提高。 相似文献
78.
秦岭南部地区地形及气候条件复杂,作为油菜主要种植区之一,研究其农业气候资源的变化特征及其对油菜的影响,可以为该区有效利用农业气候资源、合理安排农事活动提高油菜生产提供实践参考。以1960~2014年秦岭南部33个站点的逐日气象数据和近25a各省市统计年鉴资料,通过滑动平均、线性倾向估计、灰色关联分析等方法,研究秦岭南部农业气候资源的时空变化特征及对油菜产量的影响。结果表明:(1)近55a来,秦岭南部地区油菜生长季内平均气温和≥5℃积温呈上升趋势,平均速率分别为0.2、29.3℃/10 a,冻害指数、降水量、开花期降水量和相对湿度与日照时数都呈减少趋势,平均每10 a分别减少0.3、14.8 mm、1.4 mm、0.6%、32.2 h。(2)近55a来研究区油菜生长季内平均气温与≥5℃积温的多年平均空间分布都表现为由西南向东北方向递减,冻害指数的空间变化与二者相反,表明越冬期极端最低气温值在空间上由西南向东北逐渐减小;其水资源指标多年平均空间分布由南向北递减,日照时数则由西南向东北递增。(3)1960~2014年秦岭南部油菜生长季内平均气温与≥5℃积温在空间上均呈极显著的增加趋势,研究区西部变化幅度较小,东部变化幅度较大,冻害指数的空间变化趋势与二者相同;水资源与日照时数在空间上均呈极显著的减少趋势,只有少数站点表现为极显著的增加趋势,而日照时数在研究区东部变化幅度相对较大,其余区域变化幅度相对较小。总体上,平均气温和≥5℃积温高值区的变化幅度小,低值区变化幅度大,其他指标与之相反。(4)近25a来秦岭南部油菜气候产量呈不明显的上升趋势,平均速率为3.79 kg/(a·hm~2),其空间变化幅度差异大,且大部分站点的变化趋势均不显著;由关联度得作用于各区域油菜气候产量的主要影响因子存在差异。各农业气候资源指标的变化幅度越大,对油菜单产的可能影响相对较大。 相似文献
79.
Wang X Zheng Q Feng Z Xie J Feng Z Ouyang Z Manning WJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(2):449-453
Most available exposure-response relationships for assessing crop loss due to elevated ozone (O3) have been established using data from chamber and open-top chamber experiments, using a simulated constant O3 concentration exposure (square wave), which is not consistent with the diurnal variation of O3 concentration that occurs in nature. We investigated the response of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to O3 as affected by two exposure regimes: one with a diurnal variation (CF100D) and another with a constant concentration (CF100). Although the two exposure regimes have the same mean O3 concentration and accumulated O3 concentration above 40 ppb (AOT40), our results show that O3 at CF100D reduced biomass and number of pods/plant more than O3 at CF100. Both O3 exposures resulted in larger seed weights/100 pods compared to CF. Numbers of seeds/100 pods were reduced by CF100, while numbers of seeds/100 pods in the CF100D chambers were comparable to those in CF. Our results suggest that chamber experiments that use a constant O3 exposure may underestimate O3 effects on biomass and yields. 相似文献
80.
Geoffrey R. Squire Cathy Hawes Graham S. Begg Mark W. Young 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(1):85-94