It's a dirty job but someone has to do it: The role of marine benthic macrofauna in organic matter turnover and nutrient recycling to the water column

Benthic macrofaunal populations through their feeding, bioturbation, burrow construction and sediment irrigation activities have profound influences on organic matter inputs to marine sediments (biodeposition) and on the vertical distribution of deposited organic matter within the sediment. These effects in turn influence the rates and pathways of organic matter mineralisation, and element cycles. Similarly, bioturbation, burrow construction and burrow irrigation are major determinants of sediment-water column fluxes of oxygen and nutrients.

In this review, I discuss the influences of the different benthic macrofaunal feeding (functional) groups on mineralisation processes and sediment-water column fluxes of particulate and dissolved nutrients. How these effects influence diagenic processes, the balance between aerobic and anaerobic processes, and the redox status of the surficial sediments. Finally, I discuss some of the limitations of the predominantly laboratory techniques which have been used to study “macrofaunal effects” and how this hinders the inclusion of the effects in quantitative sediment biogeochemical models.     

The effects on waste reduction and recycling rates when different components of the waste stream are counted

States differ in the components or solid waste management activities which they include when determining solid waste reduction and recycling rates. Thus, when attempting to draw comparisons among states, confusion arises in two ways: (1) use of two types of rates; and (2) use of different components or activities when calculating a given rate. This paper presents a mathematical basis for understanding the impacts on rate calculations when variations occur in the components and activities included in those calculations. Estimates of the incremental changes occurring in the rate calculations when incineration or selected components such as yard waste, construction and demolition wastes, and junked automobiles, are added to a base of municipal solid waste constituents are found using national data. Finally, the achieved rates reported by states counting different combinations are compared.     

浅谈秸秆资源的综合利用

本文从避免减少秸秆的焚烧、秸秆入河的角度,简要介绍了秸秆资源的综合利用,从而减轻了对大气环境和水环境的污染和危害,提高了资源的综合利用.     

电极材料对电解法处理循环式准好氧垃圾填埋场渗滤液效果的影响研究

分别用3种不同材料电极（不锈钢、Ti／Pt和Ti／RuO2-IrO2）作阳极、石墨电极作阴极在同一条件下分别对循环式准好氧填埋垃圾场渗滤液进行电解处理对比研究。研究结果表明，随着电解时间的变化，渗滤液中的COD、BOD5、BOD5／COD、重金属离子浓度、色度和pH值均会发生改变。当电解时间为10—20min时，用上述3种电极作阳极电解均会出现渗滤液COD、BOD5、BOD5／COD增大的现象；当电解时间为30—40min时，用Ti／RuO2-IrO2或Ti／Pt电极作阳极电解均可使渗滤液的色度降为0；当电解时间为120min时，分别用3种电极作阳极电解都可使渗滤液中的COD、BOD5和重金属得到有效的去除，其中用Ti／RuO2-IrO2电极作阳极电解对COD、BOD5的去除效果最好：用Ti／Pt电极作阳极电解对Pb^2＋的去除效果最好。     

Controlled release, blind test of DNAPL remediation by ethanol flushing

A dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zone was established within a sheet-pile isolated cell through a controlled release of perchloroethylene (PCE) to evaluate DNAPL remediation by in-situ cosolvent flushing. Ethanol was used as the cosolvent, and the main remedial mechanism was enhanced dissolution based on the phase behavior of the water-ethanol-PCE system. Based on the knowledge of the actual PCE volume introduced into the cell, it was estimated that 83 L of PCE were present at the start of the test. Over a 40-day period, 64% of the PCE was removed by flushing the cell with an alcohol solution of approximately 70% ethanol and 30% water. High removal efficiencies at the end of the test indicated that more PCE could have been removed had it been possible to continue the demonstration. The ethanol solution extracted from the cell was recycled during the test using activated carbon and air stripping treatment. Both of these treatment processes were successful in removing PCE for recycling purposes, with minimal impact on the ethanol content in the treated fluids. Results from pre- and post-flushing partitioning tracer tests overestimated the treatment performance. However, both of these tracer tests missed significant amounts of the PCE present, likely due to inaccessibility of the PCE. The tracer results suggest that some PCE was inaccessible to the ethanol solution which led to the inefficient PCE removal rates observed. The flux-averaged aqueous PCE concentrations measured in the post-flushing tracer test were reduced by a factor of 3 to 4 in the extraction wells that showed the highest PCE removal compared to those concentrations in the pre-flushing tracer test.     

沉淀法回收聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料的工艺研究

研究沉淀法回收聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(EPS)的工艺,利用石油裂解副产物为溶剂回收废旧聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料,以废治废,回收利用。溶剂低毒,对聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料溶解速度快,溶解量大,价廉易得。采用转式间歇投料并附加溶剂挥发分回收装置的工艺,溶剂回收率高,无二次污染,可循环使用。聚苯乙烯塑料(PS)回收率可达99%。     

我国纸包装废物产生特性和回收状况研究

纸包装被广泛应用于各个领域,消费量巨大,废物的产生量也巨大,但我国对其产生特性和回收体系研究较少。首先分析纸包装的生产量、消费量、废物产生量和回收量,指出我国纸包装废物回收率,远高于废纸的统计回收率;其次,综合分析纸包装废物的回收特性和回收体系状况,指出纸包装废物主要流向和关键环节;然后,对纸包装消费趋势进行预测,最后,提出纸包装废物回收存在的问题和对策措施。     

再生资源产业回收模式比较

回收网络与回收模式的选择对再生资源企业非常关键。在实践中,存在分散型、层级管理、柔性管理、点对点及承包协议等多种不同的回收模式,而且各自具备不同的特点。基于对不同回收模式的比较分析,针对每种模式分别提出以下建议:以政策规范分散回收行为、以宣传推广柔性管理模式、以共生提高层级网络效率、以信息平台扩大点对点模式、以市场运行承包协议模式。     

废弃火炸药的处理与再利用研究

废弃火炸药是特殊的危险品,必须妥善处理。传统的废弃火炸药处理方法和处理过程不仅对环境产生严重的污染,而且没有物尽其用。国内外对于废弃火炸药的处理方法进行了大量的研究,主要有废弃发射药的非含能化处理、转化为一般能源及资源化再利用3类。综述了废弃火炸药处理方法,指出了废弃火炸药的资源化再利用将是未来发展的趋势。     

融入循环经济体系的滨海湿地资源开发思路探讨

滨海湿地是湿地的重要类型之一,其资源、生态、旅游、文化、教育、科研等多方面的潜在功能对社会、经济发展均有极其重要的作用。而中国滨海湿地遭受破坏的情况较为严重。当前,如何基于科学发展观,将滨海湿地纳入循环经济系统之中,更加合理地进行开发、保护,已成为关系到中国经济可持续发展的重要问题之一。文章基于对山东滨州地区典型滨海湿地资源开发实践的研究,结合中国其他地区湿地开发保护的经验教训,以循环经济理论为指导进而探讨适合中国国情的滨海湿地资源开发思路、模式,并在此基础上提出一些建议,以期能够对中国“十一五”时期的湿地开发、保护工作以及部分地区区域经济发展起到一定借鉴、推进作用。