永寿大骨节病区硒的氧化还原电位及腐殖酸等的影响

以大骨节病病区土壤溶液环境为背景,研究了土壤溶液中E_H[Se(Ⅵ)/Se(Ⅳ)]—pH关系及天然环境中主要的氧化还原剂腐殖酸、MnO_2、Fe~(2+)等对硒氧化还原性质的影响。腐殖酸和Fe~(2+)可提高Se(Ⅵ)/Se(Ⅳ)体系的还原能力,MnO_2对Se(Ⅳ)有一定的氧化作用,而腐殖酸和Fe~(2+)只有在低pH条件下才对Se(Ⅵ)有弱的还原作用。几种含硫化合物还原Se(Ⅵ)的能力依次为:硫代乙醇酸>L-半胱氨酸>硫化物。     

TiO2光催化剂在污水处理中的应用

在污水处理方面TiO2光催化剂以其独特的氧化活性、光学性能和无机化能力引起了人们极大的关注.对TiO2光催化原理、农药、染料和环境荷尔蒙等有机污染物的分解,提高催化效率的方法以及其实用技术等方面,分别作了综合评述.     

Egg protein insolubility inLymantria dispar versus other forest Lepidoptera

Summary A standard buffer (5 mM phosphate at pH 7) which is used to extract protein from insect eggs provided complete protein solubility for eggs from three of four tree-feeding lepidopteran species: obliquebanded leaf roller (Choristoneura rosaceana), forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria), and the eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum). Under the same extraction protocol, egg proteins from the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), remained nearly insoluble. An array of methods typically used to solubilize insect egg proteins were tried and all but the most denaturing (2% SDS) were ineffective. Extraction buffers with typically high pH values were then evaluated. The results indicated that 1) solubility of gypsy moth egg proteins was pH dependent, and full solubility of most egg proteins required the extraction buffer to have a pH of 12 or more prior to the addition of eggs. We also determined that 2) the gypsy moth egg has a buffering capacity which must be surpassed for complete protein extraction, 3) low salt/high pH buffers gave slightly higher total protein values than did high salt/high pH buffers, 4) parental nutritional history (host species utilized) and egg developmental state (pre-embryonatedvs postembryonated/pre-hatch) were unrelated to the requirements for complete egg protein solubilization, and 5) the presence of soluble phenolics, compounds that have the potential to bind to protein and cause insolubility, was confirmed for the gypsy moth egg with 2-D paper chromatography and several other tests. Based on these results, we present a hypothesis about the cause of egg protein insolubility in the gypsy moth.     

Sediment Parameters of Northwest Black Sea Shelf and Slope: Implications for Transport of Heavy Metals and Radionuclides

In June 1990, sediment cores were obtained from several locations in the Northwest Black Sea shelf and slope by a joint US/USSR scientific team aboard the survey vessel R/V VODYANITSKY. the goal of this investigation was to determine the distribution and levels of radioactivity resulting from the Chernobyl 1986 nuclear accident. the sediment was characterized for texture, mineral composition, redox state, heavy metals, and radionuclides. Correlations emerging from these data reveal paths of dispersal and transport of materials from river sources to deposition sites on the shelf and slope. Kaolinite in the clay mineral suite clearly reflects a dispersal pattern originating in the Danube River and progressing in an easterly direction across the shelf. Sand-size gypsum and the elemental heavy metals Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb (probable industrial source) as well as the elements Al and Mg (probable terrigenous source) also show a dispersal pattern from the Danube station location in an easterly direction across the shelf. the dispersal direction indicated by these materials is not in conflict with recent existing notions concerning the hydrology of the Northwest Black Sea. Barium anomalies at a midshelf location may be related to operations in the Lebada oil fields situated updrift. Heavy mineral dispersal reflect the Danube and -Crimean Provinces established for the shelf and relate to terrestrial source areas. in addition, the heavy mineral monazite correlates with the radioactive Th 232 found most abundantly in the Crimean Province. Local anomalies of Mn, Fe and U in the sediment at station locations are related to redox (Eh) conditions and other factors. Cs^134/137 data, reported by Curtis and Broadway (1991), correspond to transport and dispersal patterns implicit in the mineralogic, anthropogenic indicators, and sediment characteristics of the study area.     

Bioavailability and metabolism of hexavalent chromium compounds †

Intratracheal instillation of ⁵¹CrCl₃ in anaesthetized rabbits resulted in partial absorption. In blood, the absorbed material was entirely confined to the plasma compartment. Only trace amounts were deposited in liver and kidney. By contrast, after similar application of Na, ⁵¹CrO₄ the bulk of blood radioactivity was present in red blood cells (RBC). Substantial deposition occurred in liver and kidneys. It is concluded that Cr(VI) may enter the body unreduced via the lung and is partially deposited in cells over a prolonged period of time.

Since chromium was accumulated in liver after administration of Cr(VI) we investigated the intracellular disposition of Cr(VI) in the isolated perfused liver. No significant sex differences in chromium distribution were observed. At the end of the experiments (1 h), 60% of the applied dose (312μg Cr/liver) was located in the cytosol, whilst 14% was in the mitochondria, 9% in the microsomal pellet and 2% was associated with the nuclei. Gel chromatography of the cytosolic compartment showed that the overwhelming part of chromium was eluted in fractions with an apparent molecular weight of 6,000 dalton. These fractions exhibited absorption maxima at 410nm and 548nm. It is concluded, that cytosolic reduction might be the main intracellular redox pathway for chromates. This view was confirmed by monitoring the reaction of Cr(VI) with GSH in vitro. GSH reduced Cr(VI) without further cofactors under formation of GSH‐chromium complexes, which possibly represent major intermediates in the metabolism of Cr(VI).     

厦门西溪河口沉积物活性磷的分布特征及迁移转化机制

为探索不同河口区域锰、铁和硫地球化学行为对活性磷分布的影响,选择厦门西溪河口,应用薄膜扩散梯度（DGT）采样技术,对沉积物DGT有效态磷（DGT-P）、锰、铁和硫进行原位和高分辨监测.结果表明,在垂向剖面中,DGT-P的分布与铁和硫的氧化还原转化以及沉积物活性磷背景值关系密切,磷的钝化/活化主要受控于铁氧化物对磷的氧化吸附和还原溶解,以及硫酸盐还原和硫化物积累引发的磷活化;沿采样点分布,DGT-P的浓度平均值差异大（0.075~0.80 mg ·L^-1）,与盐度无关,而是与氧化还原条件密切相关,即氧化带越深磷浓度平均值越低;模型模拟结果表明,表层沉积物对孔隙水磷的再补给能力与DGT-P浓度及氧化还原条件相关,即氧化环境不利于沉积物磷的解吸再补给,而还原环境中与铁和硫地球化学的耦合有利于维持高活性磷浓度以及磷的持续释放.     

森林对污染物（SO2-4）的过滤器效应研究

森林的过滤器效应是指森林对污染物所具有的净化缓冲作用，这是森林生态系统所具有的重要生态服务功能之一。森林生态系统对污染物的截留、吸附与净化一般是通过污染物在森林生态系统中的乔木层与灌草层植物、枯落物和土壤（微生物）等组分间的转化过程来实现，阐明森林生态系统各组分对污染物的净化效应是正确评估森林过滤器效应的关键。系统综述了森林生态系统各组分对污染物净化效应的国内外主要研究成果，指明了目前该方面研究存在的问题和努力的方向,并指出目前国内已有的大多数研究还处于实验观测与现象揭示阶段，缺乏对过程与机理的深入研究，很少进行多因素的动态综合研究和系统分析，这都限制了我们对森林生态系统对污染物净化过程内在运行机制和客观规律的正确认识和评估。把整个森林生态系统当作一个过滤器，从植物、凋落物、土壤、微生物几个亚系统方面介绍了森林过滤器对污染物净化缓冲作用方面的主要研究进展。     

醌基氯甲基化聚苯乙烯的制备及废水生化处理应用

非水溶性介体厌氧生物催化技术是目前环境领域研究热点,通过Friedel-Crafts反应将5种醌基化合物接枝在氯甲基化聚苯乙烯大分子载体上.以1,4-萘醌为例,分别从反应温度、反应物摩尔比来研究其对载体接枝1,4-萘醌体系的影响,其中最佳的反应温度为78℃,最佳的反应物摩尔比为1,4-萘醌∶氯甲基聚苯乙烯=2∶1.通过傅里叶红外光谱分析,醌基基团成功地接枝在了大分子骨架氯甲基化聚苯乙烯上.制备的5种醌基材料作为非水溶性氧化还原介体能催化提高生物反硝化速率和偶氮染料脱色,同时在偶氮染料的生物降解中表现了良好的循环使用性.此研究开拓了醌基功能材料的制备新路径和介体催化技术新方向.     

硫素对水稻根系铁锰胶膜形成及吸收镉的影响

添加外源镉污染水稻土进行池栽试验,施入不同形态及数量的硫肥(单质硫、石膏),研究硫素对水稻根系铁锰胶膜的形成及对水稻吸收镉的影响.结果表明,整个水稻生育期内,土壤溶液Eh范围在-200~100 m V之间;p H在6.9~7.9之间;pe+p H在4~10之间.水稻根表胶膜以Fe膜为主,其质量分数达到5 000~13 000 mg·kg-1,Mn膜的质量分数相对较小,为170~580 mg·kg-1.在孕穗期高硫量处理与低硫量处理的铁胶膜质量分数分别为9 400 mg·kg-1和8 600 mg·kg-1,高硫量处理比低硫量处理可生成更多的铁胶膜;而根表锰胶膜的数量差异主要表现在分蘖期,单质硫和石膏硫处理的锰胶膜质量分数分别为600 mg·kg-1和400 mg·kg-1,达到显著差异水平,单质硫比石膏硫更易促进水稻根表锰胶膜的形成.胶膜对于Fe2+过量吸收有一定阻控作用,对Mn2+作用不显著.水稻根表胶膜吸附Cd的质量分数在分蘖期为78.8~131.1 mg·kg-1,孕穗期16.6~21.1mg·kg-1,成熟期3.0~9.2 mg·kg-1.在分蘖期与孕穗期,高硫量处理比低硫量处理的吸附量高,在成熟期反之.采用ACA方法浸提铁锰胶膜内的Cd测定值并不能真实地表明胶膜实际固定Cd的质量分数.水稻体内各部位Cd的质量分数表现为根茎叶籽粒.一定量的施硫能有效减少水稻各器官中Cd的质量分数.对于根和茎叶,单质硫在成熟期以前效果好于石膏硫;对于籽粒,石膏硫效果更佳.一定量的硫肥,能有效阻碍Cd从水稻根部向茎叶与籽粒的转移.对于茎叶,在孕穗期单质硫和石膏硫的Cd转移系数分别为0.13和0.25,差异显著,单质硫能更好地阻碍Cd的转移;对于籽粒,石膏硫的阻碍效果更好.     

醌基功能型高分子生物载体(PET-AQS)制备及催化生物反硝化特性研究

通过化学合成,将蒽醌磺酸钠(AQS)固定在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)上形成醌基功能型高分子生物载体并研究其在生物反硝化上的应用.通过红外光谱衰减全反射法(ATR-IR)和能谱(EDS)分析,醌基基团成功固定在高分子表面,且醌基质量摩尔浓度为0.140 6 mmol·g-1.醌基功能型高分子生物载体(PET-AQS)能加速生物反硝化,且速率常数Kx与载体投加浓度呈零级反应动力学.在投加PET-AQS 0.056 2 mmol的反硝化体系中,循环使用10次,反硝化速率均是空白体系的1.2倍以上,表明PET-AQS具有良好的重复利用稳定性,有利于实际应用.