Consequence analysis by means of characteristic curves to determine the damage to buildings from bursting spherical vessels

Since the damage suffered by buildings as a consequence of explosions usually affect the people inside them, it is important to take it into account when performing consequence analysis. The aim of this paper is to provide a methodology to estimate consequences to buildings from pressure waves produced by spherical vessel burst. This is done by combining characteristic overpressure–impulse–distance curves [González Ferradás, E., Diaz Alonso, F., Sanchez Perez, J.F., Miñana Aznar, A., Ruiz Gimeno, J. and Martinez Alonso, J., 2006, Characteristic overpressure–impulse–distance curves for vessel burst, Process Safety Progress, 25(3): 250–254] with PROBIT equations. The main advantage of this methodology is that it allows an overview of all the magnitudes involved, as damage is shown in the same graph as the overpressure, impulse and distance. In this paper diagrams and equations are presented to determine minor damage to buildings (broken windows, displacement of doors and window frames, tile displacement, etc.), major structural damage (cracks in walls, collapse of some walls) and collapse (the damage is so extensive that the building is partially or totally demolished).     

内源呼吸过程溶解性代谢产物的光谱特性分析

微生物内源呼吸期对污水处理过程具有重要意义.为了更清晰地了解微生物内源呼吸过程,采用三维荧光光谱、紫外光谱结合呼吸图谱对微生物内源呼吸过程进行解析.结果表明,三维荧光光谱和紫外光谱在内源呼吸各个阶段有明显的不同:1内源呼吸快速下降期(第1 d):腐殖酸峰的激发波长(Ex)和发射波长(Em)分别出现5 nm、6 nm的蓝移,荧光指数f450/500和HIX(humification index)分别减小了9.3%、0.2%,UV253/203和UV254分别增加了37.5%、200%,预示着混合液中可生物降解有机物的存在;2内源呼吸慢速下降期(第2 d):f450/500增加了0.5%,HIX减小0.2%,UV253/203减小了20%,UV254增加了16.7%,预示着细胞可能出现了水解或自溶;3内源呼吸稳定期(第3~5 d):腐殖酸峰基本保持不变预示了微生物适应了饥饿环境.本研究从代谢产物的角度解析了内源呼吸过程,为污水处理过程控制提供了新的思路.     

Respiratory health of road-side vendors in a large industrialized city

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The literature reports a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms associated with exposure to motor vehicle exhaust emissions and people exposed to vehicle emissions are at risk of reduced lung function and cardiovascular performance. Although the effect of traffic emissions is a known risk to respiratory health, retailers are often situated along major roads in a busy urban environment to maximise customers. Shop assistants in an air-conditioned environment should be less exposed to traffic fumes and their lung function should be better preserved compared to 'unprotected' vendors exposed directly to vehicle emissions. The lung function of these two groups of workers has not previously been compared. The aims of this study are to determine if there is a difference in the concentration of respirable particles of diameter less than 10 micrometers (PM10) inside and outside air-conditioned shops along a busy major road; and to compare the lung function parameters, blood lead levels and respiratory symptoms between road-side vendors directly 'exposed' to traffic fumes and vendors working in 'protected' air-conditioned shops along the same road. METHODS: Roadside vendors (n=33) and adjacent shop assistants (n=31) were recruited for the study in a district known to have high emissions and pollution measures. All subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire providing the frequency of their respiratory symptoms. Spirometry pulmonary function tests were conducted and exhaled carbon monoxide levels (ECO), oxygen saturation and blood lead levels (BLL) were measured. PM10 level was concurrently measured in the subject's working environment. Pulmonary function data and ECO levels collected from a cohort of university staff aged > or = 30 years (n=92) at a university campus were included for comparison. RESULTS: The concentration of particulate matter (PM10) at the roadside (210 +/- 70 microg/m3) was significantly higher than inside the shops (130 +/- 40 microg/m3). There was no difference in lung function parameters or BLL between the groups, however the forced vital capacity of both groups of vendors was significantly lower than a 'control' cohort of academic institution personnel (n=92). DISCUSSION: This study illustrated that while the level of pollution improved with air conditioning, this may not be sufficient to prevent respiratory consequences. Our data suggests that a reduction in occupational exposure is not enough to protect these workers. CONCLUSIONS: Air-conditioned work environment is insufficient to protect the respiratory system against the adverse effects of exposure to vehicle emissions. RECOMMENDATIONS: The overwhelming effect of exposure during travel to and from work and at home cannot be underestimated. More stringent guidelines to control pollution appear necessary to protect the respiratory health of both shop-keepers and road-side vendors and further studies to explore the effect on respiratory health of the exposure to pollutants associated with commuting to and from work are warranted.     

Assessment of the Status of Urban Air pollution And Its Impact on Human Health in the City of Kolkata

Air pollution has significant effects on exacerbation of asthma, allergy and other respiratory diseases. Like many other magacities in the world the ambient air quality of Kolkata is also being deteriorated day by day. Automobile exhausts and certain industrial pollutants produce O₃ by photochemical reactions. The particulate matter, particularly less than 10 μ in size, can pass through the natural protective mechanism of human respiratory system and plays an important role in genesis and augmentation of allergic disorders. Sources of air pollution in the area and the unique problem arising out of the emission from the vehicles, industries, etc. have been described. Ambient air quality was monitored along with micrometeorological data and the results are discussed. The status of air pollution in the area has been evaluated and a questionnaire survey was conducted to estimate the allergic symptoms and exposure to assess the respiratory disorders. The data are analysed to evaluate the critical situation arising out of the emission of air pollutants and the impact on human health due to respirable diseases (RDs) to middle class sub-population (activity-wise) in the area are assessed. A strategic air quality management plan has been proposed. For the mitigation of air pollution problems in the city, the different measures to be adopted to maintain the balance between sustainable development and environmental management have been discussed.     

低浓度有机底物好氧降解趋势及SMP的产出

采用间歇式活性污泥反应器（SBR）降解含正丁醇的自配水实验过程中，发现即使正丁醇属可被完全生物降解有机物，并且在启动时系统中不含可溶性生物不可降解物质，在其降解过程基本结束时系统的溶解性COD值也只能达到一最低点，并非趋向于零，而且此后COD值还会继续呈稳定的增长趋势。实验结果还显示，该最低点的COD值及可溶性微生物产物（SMP）的产生速度与温度有关。     

冶金工厂呼吸性粉尘危害及评价方法探讨

随着冶金企业规模的扩大和接尘人员的增加，粉尘危害，尤其是呼吸性粉尘对作业人员的危害日益突出。治理呼吸性粉尘必须对呼吸性粉尘进行科学、合理的评价。针对冶金工厂实际情况，经过现场实验调查、数据统计分析，探讨了冶金工厂作业场所呼吸性粉尘的危害程度。建立了冶金工厂采用划分粉尘单元确定粉尘中游离二氧化硅含量的方法和采用餐尘危害程度分级评价呼吸性粉尘危害程度的方法。同时对国家呼吸性矽尘卫生标准在冶金工厂的实旋提出了扩档建乩     

丙烯槽车特大泄漏事故的应急处置方法

如何快速有效地处置危险化学品槽车突发泄漏事故，目前还是一个世界性的难题。本文介绍了吉林市6．26丙烯槽车特大泄漏事故发生后的报警、接警、启动应急预案、现场侦察、现场警戒、禁绝火源、交通管制、紧急疏散、喷雾稀释、着装防护、丙烯的特性、健康危害、急救措施等。阐述了夹具捆绑法带压堵漏的机理，提供了丙烯泄漏槽车的勘测数据、夹具设计思路、夹具制造图纸、现场应急处置方法及现场照片。本案例表明，只要有可靠的安全措施及特殊的技术手段，危险化学品槽车泄漏事故是可以进行应急处置的，实现控制、降低、消除泄漏，避免灾害性事故的发生。文中方法同样适用于铁路槽车泄漏事故的应急处置。     

两步回归法研究空气污染与儿童呼吸病症率的关系

通过两步回归法对空气污染与儿童呼吸病症发生率之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明,颗粒物与大部分儿童呼吸病症发生率之间存在显著的正相关关系,SO₂与儿童感冒时气喘有着显著的正相关关联,NO_X与儿童未感冒时气喘有显著的正相关关联.两种回归方法的结果基本一致.其中的混合线性模型不但在城市间发现这些正相关关系,而且在城市内的城郊区之间也发现了正相关关联.本文还给出了暴露在各种空气污染物下儿童呼吸病症发生率的比数比(OR).