Atmospheric PAH concentrations in fine and coarse particles

Measurements of the urban air concentrations of PAHsassociated with PM2.5-fine and PM10-coarse particles inChicago on the campus of IIT were achieved using a UniversalAir Sampler. Short sampling time (12 hr) and high flowrates were used to measure the PAH concentrations in fineand coarse particles. Measured ambient concentrations ofPAHs were classified based on wind direction and backtrajectory calculations as Land and Lake samples.Differences in ambient concentrations of PAHs were observedbetween Land and Lake samples. Fine particle concentrationsvaried from 9.5 to 25.7 ng m^-3 and averaged18.2 ng m^-3 for the Land samples, while they ranged from4.2 to 31.5 ng m^-3 and averaged 13.4 ng m^-3 for the Lake samples. The measured PAH concentrationsin coarse particles varied from 6.2 to 22.1 ng m^-3 and averaged 12.9 ng m^-3 for the Land samples, andthey ranged from 2.4 to 13.0 ng m^-3 with an average value of 7.3 ng m^-3 for the Lake samples. The fine/coarse ratio of each individual PAH compound varied between1.3 and 2.7 for the Land samples; it varied between 1.6 and 4.2 for the Lake samples. There was an increase in the fine/coarse ratio of PAH as molecular weight of the compound increases for both Land and Lake samples.     

大气气溶胶粒径分布特征与呼吸系统暴露评估研究进展

近年来气溶胶污染被社会各界密切关注.大气气溶胶的粒径分布和污染物组成特征研究是探究大气气溶胶污染成因的基础,同时也是准确评估人体暴露于气溶胶污染导致的健康风险的关键.多级采样器可分粒径采集大气气溶胶,通过模拟人体呼吸系统进而准确量化大气气溶胶组分被吸入后在人体的沉积部位和沉积量,从而被应用至大气气溶胶粒径分布特征和人体健康风险评估的研究中.本文介绍了大气气溶胶粒径分级方法,探讨了应用多级采样器在气溶胶粒径分布研究中存在的主要问题及解决方案,并综述了大气气溶胶粒径分布特征和人体呼吸系统暴露评估的研究进展,最后结合当前的研究现状对大气气溶胶在粒径分级和人体健康风险研究领域的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

大气汞被动采样器研究进展

大气汞浓度监测日益受到重视,使用主动监测系统进行大气汞浓度监测需要持续电力供应,专业人员进行定期维护,且仪器普遍昂贵,因此不适宜在环境恶劣或基础设施落后的偏远地区进行,也难以进行大范围高密度布设。大气汞被动采样器由于造价便宜、不易受恶劣环境影响、采样过程中不需要人力及电力设施支持,可以在偏远地区实施无人值守监测,应用空间广泛。大气汞被动采样器在近年发展迅速,针对不同形态汞浓度监测有多种类型采样器。本文回顾已有大气汞被动采样器研究,针对各采样器的设计原理、采样效率及其在大气汞监测中的实际应用进行综述。     

一种可实现不同水深条件下采样的湖泊沉积物柱芯采样装置

沉积物柱芯采样器是一种广泛应用于生态环境研究的科研装备.在前人研究的基础上,我们研制了一套携带方便、操作简单、适用范围广、取样效果好的湖泊沉积物茬芯采样装置.通过组件的不同组合,该采样装置可实现不同水深条件下的沉积物柱芯采样,采集的沉积物厚度可达80～150 cm.该采样装置具有体积小、重量轻、结构简单、性能可靠的特点...     

成都市不同粒径大气颗粒物中水溶性酸性离子分析

大气颗粒物是成都目前大气环境主要污染物之一。文章通过Andersen分级采样器采样,对成都市东郊(原工业区)2006年下半年不同粒径的大气颗粒物及其水溶性酸性离子的含量进行了分析,在此基础上对比分析了雾天条件下的污染特征。结果表明,大气颗粒物及其酸性离子主要分布在0.65～3.3μm的粒径范围,颗粒物中水溶性酸性离子的平均含量大小关系为:[SO42-]>[NO3-]>[Cl-]>[F-]>[NO2-].雾天颗粒物的浓度水平是正常天气下的1～3倍。     

Addendum

Bags of S. auriculatum and a low‐volume aerosol sampler with filters were exposed, in parallel, to the urban atmosphere of Oporto at four sampling points and for about two months periods, between 1991 and 1994. The levels of lead in the moss (weekly samples) and in the filters (daily samples) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the results were compared. In dry weather periods (relative humidity ≤ 76%) the rate of lead uptake by moss was approximately constant and proportional to the levels of the metal in atmospheric aerosols. A converting factor (CF = lPb_moss l (μg/g.day)/ l Pb_air l (μg/m³)) allowed conversion of the lead levels in S. auriculatum to those in the atmospheric aerosols. Because the moss fixed lead from gas, aerosol and particulated matter, the rate of sorption depends markedly on the distance to the lead sources (traffic) and on surrounding obstacles which retain particles. Therefore, specific calibration by mechanic monitoring at each point of sampling is required when moss bag samplers are used to provide quantitative information about lead levels in the atmosphere. In wet weather periods, higher but irregular rate of lead uptake was observed. In contrast, the lead levels in atmospheric aerosols decreased when the humidity increased due to wet deposition. Therefore, no proportionality between the lead levels in the moss and in the air were found.     

Using data augmentation via the Gibbs Sampler to incorporate missing covariate structure in linear models for ecological assessments

Missing covariate values in linear regression models can be an important problem facing environmental researchers. Existing missing value treatment methods such as Multiple Imputation (MI), the EM algorithm and Data Augmentation (DA) have the assumption that both observed and unobserved data come from the same distribution, most commonly a multivariate normal or a conditionally multivariate normal family. These methods do try to incorporate the missing data mechanism and rely on the assumption of Missing At Random (MAR). We present a DA method which does not rely on the MAR assumption and can model missing data mechanisms and covariate structure. This method utilizes the Gibbs Sampler as a tool for incorporating these structures and mechanisms. We apply this method to an ecological data set that relates fish condition to environmental variables. Notice that the presented DA method detects relationships that are not detected when other missing data methods are employed.

用扩散法被动式个体采样器同时测定空气中二氧化硫和二氧化氮

本文介绍了用被动式个体采样器同时测定空气中ＳＯ２和ＮＯ２的方法,吸收层用三乙醇胺（２０％）＋碳酸钠（５％）溶液浸渍的滤纸,采样后分成两等分,分别测定ＳＯ２和ＮＯ２浓度。与有动力的溶液吸收管现场对比验证,表明两者结果是一致的。在外环境监测时,为了克服风速的影响,可将被动式个体采样器放在ＴＳＰ流量采样器的帽形采样头中,这样可同时测定环境空气中ＴＳＰ、ＳＯ２和ＮＯ２。     

天然湖水表面微层砷形态分析

采用玻璃板表面微层水样器采集表面微层湖水,利用高效相色谱－氢化物发生－原子吸收联用技术测定水样中亚砷酸盐,砷酸盐,－甲基胂酸盐（ＭＭＡ）和二甲基胂酸盐（ＤＭＡ）含量,并和相应表层湖水（水面下的０．５ｍ）中相同４种不砷形态含量对比,结果表明,４种砷形态在湖水表面微层和表层中的含量分布有较大差异,表面微层水中的含量通常高于表层水,它们在湖水表面微层中具有一定的富集现象,富集倍数分别为Ａｓ（Ⅲ）１．６６     

树皮在大气有机氯农药监测中应用的研究进展

有机氯农药(Organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)曾在全世界被大量使用,即使禁用多年,仍能在各种环境介质中被广泛检出,对生态环境和人体健康存在着潜在的威胁。因此OCPs的环境迁移和归趋一直是该领域的研究热点。树皮是一种天然的被动采样器,能够很好的反映出大气有机物长期的污染程度。本文简要论述了树皮作为被动采样器在大气污染物监测研究中应用的优势,并对OCPs在树皮中的残留浓度、特征及影响其富集的因素进行了探讨,最后特别针对具有手性的OCPs在树皮中的对映体选择性特征进行了评述。