卫生巾材质可降解性的探讨

本研究通过对国产12个品牌的卫生巾材质的成份鉴别、可生物降解性实验分析，得出使用过后的各类卫生巾，用土壤填埋的方法处理，降解周期在35d时，其可降解性最大，平均达到35％；组成卫生巾的主要成份棉纤维、粘胶纤维、涤纶纤维和丙纶纤维在相同条件下，可降解性依次为：棉纤维＞粘胶纤维＞涤纶纤维＞丙纶纤维，并指出天然纤维材质是环保型卫生巾发展的方向。     

南昌市生活垃圾卫生填埋生命周期评价

卫生填埋法是当前我国处理城市生活垃圾的主要方式,依据生命周期评价理论及分析框架,借助eFootprint软件对南昌市卫生填埋法处理城市生活垃圾进行生命周期分析以期找出各处理过程的突出环境影响及原因并提出针对性改善建议.结果表明：卫生填埋法处理城市生活垃圾的主要环境影响类型为全球变暖（GWP）、初级能源消耗（PED）、水资源消耗（WU）、酸化（AP）、光化学臭氧合成（POFP）、生态毒性（ET）、淡水富营养化（FEP）;电力盈余作为副产品参与分配使得各环境影响类型指标潜值减小,其中最突出的是PED,其次是WU;收集运输过程最突出的环境影响类型为POFP,其次依次为ET、PED、FEP,该过程应减少柴油运输车使用,适量引用节能环保或清洁能源汽车;卫生填埋过程在垃圾处理各过程中产生的环境污染最大,该过程最突出的环境问题是AP,其次是GWP,再者是PED、FEP、ET,该过程应改善工艺以提升填埋气收集效率,采用清洁能源减少柴油使用;填埋气发电过程因填埋气发电产生盈余电力,实现能量回收后对环境的正效益,该过程应提升填埋气收集以及燃烧发电效率;渗滤液处理过程的环境影响较小,主要表现为WU和FED,需在注重节能的同时优化升级处理工艺,改善当前处置工艺存在的弊端并排除隐患.     

Landfill leachate production, quality and recirculation treatment in northeast China

Introduction Landfill is still the m ost com m on w ay to treat m ore and m ore m unicipal solid w aste (M SW ) in all over the w orld, especially in C hina (Feng and C hen, 2000). H ow ever, the leachate produced from landfill is very com plicated and va…     

OPTIMUM ALTERNATIVES FOR CONTROLLING COMBINED SEWAGE OVERFLOWS - A CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: Frequent high quantity overflows of combined sewage entering the Mississippi River near the city of Red Wing, Minnesota, have degraded water quality and caused concern among federal and state environmental agencies. The city of Red Wing was required to conduct a comprehensive waste control study, as part of the sewer system Construction Grant (Section 201 of PL 92–500), to identify alternative waste control and treatment measures and to recommend the optimum combination of alternatives in terms of both cost and waste control effectiveness. The study involved these basic steps: determination of present and future (year 2020) sanitary flow rates and volumes, storm runoff discharges, frequencies and volumes, and combined sewage bypass volumes; identification of alternative waste control measures; elimination of unfeasible alternatives; detailed analysis of the hydrologic, economic, and waste control feasibility of the promising alternatives; selection of the optimum combination of alternative waste control measures to satisfy the study objectives, and determination of construction priorities for the optimum control measures. Because of an uncertain budget and undetermined conditions of state and federal assistance, the city has not yet selected the optimum waste control measure for its needs. When the decisionmaking process between representatives of the city and the state commences, the optimum combination of waste control alternatives can be easily identified using the results of this study.     

德国垃圾卫生填埋场建设和运行中的环境安全措施

卫生填埋是处理城市垃圾和各种危险固体废物的主要方式。垃圾填埋场在接纳了大量垃圾的同时容易引起填埋气体爆炸、有毒有害物质向环境泄漏和填埋场使用年限缩短等环境安全问题。完善的填埋法律法规体系、科学的填埋场建设和运行管理是保证卫生填埋环境安全的核心。德国垃圾填埋处理有很长的历史,技术和管理都比较成熟。介绍了德国垃圾填埋处理的法律法规体系、主要技术指标以及填埋场日常运行系统,为我国垃圾的卫生填埋场建设和运行管理提供参考。     

COST COMPARISON BETWEEN CESSPOOL AND SANITARY SEWERAGE SYSTEMS IN SAUDI URBAN AREAS1

ABSTRACT: Extensive use is made of on-site wastewater disposal systems of cesspools due to the absence of a sanitary sewerage system in Saudi urban areas. This system has caused the groundwater table to rise to a public nuisance level. A health risk has also evolved. There are several infrastructural, environmental, and social impacts from this, resulting in great financial losses. Examples are: surface water flooding, damage to foundations of buildings and asphalt street pavements, flooded basements and added construction costs required for excavation, dewatering, insulation materials, and special cements. Most of these costs are indirectly being paid by the private and public sectors. This study compares the estimated costs of damage and losses with the estimated costs of building, operating, and maintaining sanitary sewerage systems in the cesspool-served areas. The annual cost of the cesspool system, depending on the severity of the adverse impacts, ranges from 2.2 to 4.4 times the annual cost of the sanitary sewerage system. Remedies for these impacts are very expensive, and delays in the implementation of the sanitary sewerage facility will make the damage recovery more expensive, and in some cases, impossible. Thus, it is recommended that highest priority to be given to the sanitary sewerage systems in Saudi urban areas.     

城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场恶臭的防治技术进展

恶臭污染已成为垃圾处理和处置过程中的严重公害。在分析中,介绍了填埋场各区域恶臭的控制措施,综述了卫生填埋场恶臭的常规防治技术,重点讨论了生物技术在填埋场脱臭中的应用,这些防治技术对各类环境卫生设施,如垃圾收集站、中转站、焚烧场、堆肥厂及粪便处理厂的臭气治理均有借鉴意义。     

浅谈尾矿坝削坡

尾矿库的安全稳定在矿山安全生产和环境保护中具有十分重要的意义,而尾矿坝的不利因素是导致安全事故的原因之一。通过对尾矿坝的分析,探讨了尾矿坝坡度对坝体稳定性的影响。结合相关案例,指出了存在的安全问题并提出了解决方案。     

巢湖流域SRTM高程误差的空间分异研究

数字高程模型是进行地学研究的重要基础数据,SRTM、DEM是公众可以免费获取的精度达90m的DEM数据.以我国1:5万DEM为参考数据,以巢湖流域为研究区,利用高程中误差模型和单位面积土地填挖方对SRTM、DEM进行高程精度研究,并分析了高程误差的空间分异规律.结果表明,SRTM、DEM的高程中误差和单位面积土地填挖方随着地貌类型的变化呈现明显的空间分异性,这主要由于SRTM像元精度不高所致.在研究区内的33块样区中,绝大部分都是在二级精度评价标准之内,可见SRTM、DEM整体精度较高.     

青岛市剩余污泥处置现状分析及资源化利用

介绍了青岛市城市污水处理厂剩余污泥目前的产生情况及处置现状,对比分析了国内外先进的剩余污泥处置方法和技术。提出了适合青岛市剩余污泥资源化利用的途径和方法。剩余污泥既是污染物又是一种资源,污泥的处理、处置与资源化利用相结合才是其最好的出路。