清洁生产审核在锌精砂生产企业中的应用

清洁生产是企业可持续发展的必由之路,以锌精砂的清洁生产审核为例,通过对其生产全过程进行分析,寻找清洁生产潜力并研制清洁生产方案19个。方案实施结果表明,清洁生产直接产生773.4万元的经济效益,节电6.8万k W·h/a,节约新鲜水1 500 m3/a,减少了二氧化硫和酸雾的排放量。经济效益、环境效益和社会效益明显,为同类企业的清洁生产审核积累了经验。     

四川省固定资产投资现状与对策

分析了四川省固定资产投资的现状及原因 ,提出了增大投资力度的四条建议 ,并对 2 0 0 0年四川省固定资产投资进行了多方案预测。     

The Ability of Landowners and Their Cooperatives to Leverage Payments Greater Than Opportunity Costs from Conservation Contracts

In negotiations over land‐right acquisitions, landowners have an informational advantage over conservation groups because they know more about the opportunity costs of conservation measures on their sites. This advantage creates the possibility that landowners will demand payments greater than the required minimum, where this minimum required payment is known as the landowner's willingness to accept (WTA). However, in recent studies of conservation costs, researchers have assumed landowners will accept conservation with minimum payments. We investigated the ability of landowners to demand payments above their WTA when a conservation group has identified multiple sites for protection. First, we estimated the maximum payment landowners could potentially demand, which is set when groups of landowners act as a cooperative. Next, through the simulation of conservation auctions, we explored the amount of money above landowners’ WTA (i.e., surplus) that conservation groups could cede to secure conservation agreements, again investigating the influence of landowner cooperatives. The simulations showed the informational advantage landowners held could make conservation investments up to 42% more expensive than suggested by the site WTAs. Moreover, all auctions resulted in landowners obtaining payments greater than their WTA; thus, it may be unrealistic to assume landowners will accept conservation contracts with minimum payments. Of particular significance for species conservation, conservation objectives focused on overall species richness, which therefore recognize site complementarity, create an incentive for landowners to form cooperatives to capture surplus. To the contrary, objectives in which sites are substitutes, such as the maximization of species occurrences, create a disincentive for cooperative formation. La Habilidad de Propietarios y Sus Cooperativas para Implementar Pagos Mayores que los Costos de Oportunidad en Contratos de Conservación     

Enterprise zones in Britain: the form and consequences of the planning scheme approach

Enterprise Zones have been in operation as part of government policy for over three years. They contain a special form of planning procedures whereby a general planning permission is given for development subject to certain exclusions and conditions. This article summarises and compares the planning schemes operating in all 25 Enterprise Zones in Britain and considers what have been the results of this planning approach to date in the zones. The operation of these planning schemes has not led to a feared lowering of development standards but nevertheless is not regarded as being suitable for wider application in the planning system.     

欧盟可交易白色证书机制的发展及启示

在全球能源危机及气候变暖的背景下,近几年,可交易白色证书机制在欧盟发展迅速。可交易白色证书机制可以分为两部分:节能义务和白色证书交易体系,是指设定节能目标分配给责任主体,并通过市场交易,促进节能工作的有效开展。文章主要介绍可交易白色证书机制的基本原理、组成结构、运行机制和基本规则等,在比较分析意大利、英国、法国等欧盟国家的实践经验基础上,提出可供中国借鉴学习的经验。     

Abundance thresholds and the underlying ecological processes: Field voles Microtus agrestis in a fragmented landscape

Field voles (Microtus agrestis) were trapped in 14 field margins and their behavioural and demographic parameters measured. Strong support was found for thresholds in margin width below which vole abundance was extremely low. Narrow margins were male biased with individuals moving greater distances and a large proportion of males behaved as transient individuals. However, no effect was observed on the age structure or survival of the population. Individuals were able to compensate for the lack of habitat through alterations in their behaviour sufficiently to maintain their survival. Within intensive agro-ecosystems, narrow strips between crops are important links for voles between wider margins and, if available, other more suitable habitats. Maintenance of narrow margins, along with larger areas of suitable habitat, is therefore effective in farmed landscapes for sustaining populations of specialist species where they show sufficient flexibility.     

基于生态足迹评价的北京市通州区土地利用方案优选

通州区是北京市重点发展的新城之一,也是承接中心城人口、职能疏解和新产业集聚的主要地区,需要对其区域发展规划中的土地利用方案进行适应性调整。本文采用情景分析方法对通州区2010年的土地利用结构设定三种方案,并利用生态足迹方法对各方案进行评价。分别利用2000年、2002年、2004年的等量因子计算三种设定方案的生态足迹。结果均表明方案Ⅱ的生态赤字最小,是三种设定方案中的最佳方案。而采用2002年的等量因子时,即将不同土地类型的生产力比值保持在2002年的水平,未来通州区的生态赤字最小。结合问卷调查结果分析可得,通州区的发展必须大量引入区外的资源和能源,同时改变现有的生活方式和消费模式才能使通州区的生态环境和经济向良好的方向发展。     

社区大气污染物排放总量控制研究

为了寻求社区大气污染物排放总量控制的方法和可行途径,在污染源调查的基础上,以城市多源大气扩散模式（ＩＳＣＳＴ）为建模工具,采用以“总量控制线性方程组”作为约束条件的线性规划方法,对控制北京市西城区大气污染物排放总量达到环境目标的几种方案作了分析,如燃烧优质煤和天然气等。同时,给出了总量控制管理信息系统的结构图和功能图。     

Local Participation in Natural Resource Monitoring: a Characterization of Approaches

Abstract: The monitoring of trends in the status of species or habitats is routine in developed countries, where it is funded by the state or large nongovernmental organizations and often involves large numbers of skilled amateur volunteers. Far less monitoring of natural resources takes place in developing countries, where state agencies have small budgets, there are fewer skilled professionals or amateurs, and socioeconomic conditions prevent development of a culture of volunteerism. The resulting lack of knowledge about trends in species and habitats presents a serious challenge for detecting, understanding, and reversing declines in natural resource values. International environmental agreements require signatories undertake systematic monitoring of their natural resources, but no system exists to guide the development and expansion of monitoring schemes. To help develop such a protocol, we suggest a typology of monitoring categories, defined by their degree of local participation, ranging from no local involvement with monitoring undertaken by professional researchers to an entirely local effort with monitoring undertaken by local people. We assessed the strengths and weaknesses of each monitoring category and the potential of each to be sustainable in developed or developing countries. Locally based monitoring is particularly relevant in developing countries, where it can lead to rapid decisions to solve the key threats affecting natural resources, can empower local communities to better manage their resources, and can refine sustainable‐use strategies to improve local livelihoods. Nevertheless, we recognize that the accuracy and precision of the monitoring undertaken by local communities in different situations needs further study and field protocols need to be further developed to get the best from the unrealized potential of this approach. A challenge to conservation biologists is to identify and establish the monitoring system most relevant to a particular situation and to develop methods to integrate outputs from across the spectrum of monitoring schemes to produce wider indices of natural resources that capture the strengths of each.     

基于生态标签制度的海洋生态产品生态补偿标准区域差异化研究

论文运用海洋渔业产品生态标签制度,以两个海岛型旅游目的地为案例,对海洋生态产品生态补偿标准区域差异化进行了研究.结果表明:1)浙江省舟山市普陀区和山东省烟台市长岛县分别有93.41%和95.90%的受访者支持海洋渔业生态标签产品,愿意为海洋渔业生态标签产品支付比普通海产品更高的价格;2)舟山市普陀区旅游目的地的浙江省游客,江苏省-上海市游客,安徽省-江西省-福建省-河南省-湖南省-湖北省-山东省游客和其他省(市,区)游客,承担的生态补偿标准分别为10.53,10.98,11.03和11.18元/kg,或14.39,17.59,20.54和22.87元/人次,通过海洋渔业产品生态标签制度,2013年可获得1.0358×10⁸元的生态补偿资金;3)烟台市长岛县旅游目的地的山东省游客,北京市-天津市-河北省-山西省-河南省游客和其他省(市,区)游客,承担的生态补偿标准分别为10.86,12.85和13.70元/kg,或13.26,17.57和17.56元/人次,通过海洋渔业产品生态标签制度,2013年可获得0.207 0×10⁸元的生态补偿资金.研究发现,两个旅游目的地均存在生态补偿标准的区域差异性.