亚热带城市河流浮游细菌群落的季节演替及构建机制

细菌是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,在污染物降解、物质循环和能量流动等方面扮演着重要角色.然而亚热带城市河流细菌群落的季节演替和构建机制(确定性和随机性过程)仍不明晰.以流溪河及广州珠江段为研究对象,采用16S rRNA高通量测序分析探讨了不同季节(丰水期和枯水期)水体细菌群落的变化及其构建机制.结果表明：不同季节水体细菌群落的组成存在显著差异,丰水期,变形菌门和异常球菌-栖热菌门的丰度更高;而枯水期,拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的丰度更高.细菌群落的α和β多样性同样具有显著的季节差异,T、NH₄⁺-N、TOC、pH、EC、DO、NO₃^--N和DSi是影响细菌群落季节变化的主要环境因子.水体细菌群落的生态网络具有典型的模块化结构,物种间以正相关作用(合作关系)为主,且丰水期物种间的合作关系强于枯水期.随机性过程主导了细菌群落的构建,尤其以扩散限制贡献最大,且细菌群落在枯水期面临的扩散限制要高于丰水期.     

A method to estimate pre-exploitation population size

Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) were commercially exploited on the subantarctic island of South Georgia for over 100 years and nearly driven to extinction. Since the cessation of harvesting, however, their populations have rebounded, and they are now often considered a nuisance species whose impact on the terrestrial landscape should be mitigated. Any evaluation of their current population requires the context provided by their historic, pre-exploitation abundance, lest ecologists fall prey to shifting baseline syndrome in which their perspective on current abundance is compared only with an altered state resulting from past anthropogenic disturbance. Estimating pre-exploitation abundance is critical to defining species recovery and setting recovery targets, both of which are needed for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's recent efforts to develop a green list of recovering species. To address this issue, we reconstructed the South Georgia fur seal harvest from 1786 to 1908 from ship logbooks and other historical records and interpolated missing harvest data as necessary with a generalized linear model fit to the historical record. Using an approximate Bayesian computation framework, harvest data, and a stochastic age-structured population model, we estimated the pre-exploitation abundance of Antarctic fur seals on South Georgia was 2.5 million females (95% CI 1.5–3.5 million). This estimate is similar to recent abundance estimates, and suggests current populations, and the ecological consequences of so many fur seals on the island, may be similar to conditions prior to human harvest. Although the historic archive on the fur sealing era is unavoidably patchy, the use of archival records is essential for reconstructing the past and, correspondingly, to understanding the present. Article impact statement: Defining species recovery requires an understanding of baseline population state, which can be estimated through statistical methods.     

基于装配的冲模三维CAD系统

在分析冲模结构设计特点的基础上,介绍了在UG装配环境下所开发的冲模三维CAD系统的设计流程和实现方法,并对系统的主要功能模块和关键技术做了概括性介绍。     

T型槽密封结构的有限元分析及试验验证

目的通过有限元分析,实现T型密封结构的优化设计。方法利用ABAQUS建立液压系统用T型槽密封结构的二维轴对称模型,分析计算密封结构中过渡圆角、槽宽、倾斜角度等对密封圈应力分布、接触应力的影响,通过设计密封圈老化寿命试验,验证分析结论。结果随着过渡圆角(R0.5～R2)的增大、倾斜角度(10°～3°)的减小,密封圈的局部应力最大值和接触应力均减小。随着槽宽(10～18mm)的增加,密封圈的局部应力最大值逐渐增加,接触应力逐渐减小。分析用密封结构的接触应力均大于密封介质压力0.7 MPa。最终通过试验证实了分析用密封结构均满足密封性能,且不合理的设计会降低密封圈寿命。结论在密封介质压力较小的情况下,建议选用较大的过渡圆角(推荐值为R2),较小的倾斜角度(推荐值为5°～6°)及槽宽(推荐值为密封圈截面直径的1.2～1.5倍)。     

生境过滤驱动庞泉沟华北落叶松林土壤真菌群落的构建过程

随机过程和确定过程的权衡作用对群落构建的影响机制是群落生态学研究的中心议题,也是目前群落生态学最具争议的问题.本研究以关帝山庞泉沟自然保护区华北落叶松林土壤真菌群落为研究对象,探讨确定过程和随机过程的权衡作用在局域尺度对土壤真菌群落构建的影响机制.通过土壤理化因子和优势真菌门的相关分析、冗余分析以及结构方程模型分析,表明土壤理化因子和地上植被多样性对真菌群落结构有显著影响,并且林下植被多样性对真菌群落结构的直接影响最大(1.185 8).由此推断确定过程对真菌群落的构建有一定的影响.真菌群落的β多样性表现为距离衰减的生物地理分布格局,由此推断随机过程(扩散限制)对真菌群落的构建有一定的影响作用.通过构建零模型分析,表明确定过程对真菌群落演替的贡献远大于随机过程,是本研究区真菌群落构建的主要驱动因子.并且确定过程的相对重要性随着海拔梯度而动态变化.由于零偏差值在本研究区都为负值,观测值的相似性小于期望值的相似性,由此推断生境过滤是群落构建的驱动因子.综上,确定过程和随机过程的权衡作用驱动了本研究区真菌群落的构建过程,且确定过程起主导作用.     

转子-轴承-干气密封系统振动响应及结构优化

目的为了提高干气密封系统在运行工况下的稳定性,对密封螺旋槽槽型参数进行优化。方法根据转子-轴承-干气密封系统轴向振动动力学模型,建立双自由度振动方程。在特定的工况下,通过Maple软件多次拟合求解气膜非线性方程,得到气膜轴向刚度和阻尼。运用MATLAB软件中的龙格-库塔法对三阶的非线性振动方程数值求解,绘制不同螺旋角度下的时间历程图和相图,分析对比不同螺旋角度下静环的振动位移。结果从螺旋角度与静环振动位移的关系得出,当α=74.53°时,静环振动位移最小,其最大振幅为7μm,最大振速为7μm/s;当α=73.78°时,静环振动位移最大,其最大振幅为16.5μm,最大振速为17μm/s。改变螺旋角度可以调节和减小静环的振幅。结论在考虑叶轮转子的气动力和轴承油膜力的干气密封系统下,螺旋角度的增加能够提高系统运行的稳定性,增加螺旋角度(0.5°~0.6°)使得动静环的追随性最佳,对干气密封结构的设计提出了指导。     

某型橡胶密封圈加速贮存试验设计与实践

目的针对某型橡胶密封圈开展加速贮存试验设计,并通过试验预测产品贮存寿命。方法通过分析橡胶密封圈在贮存使用环境下的失效机理,结合橡胶材料性能老化模型,在不改变失效机理、又不增加新的失效机理的前提下,以密封圈整件作为试验对象,用加大温度应力的试验方法加速产品失效过程,根据试验结果预计正常环境应力下的产品贮存寿命。结果采用温度应力作为加速贮存应力开展密封圈加速贮存试验方案设计和验证工作,评估得到其在贮存温度为20℃的环境中,贮存寿命可以达到16.97年,置信度大于0.95。结论以密封圈整件作为试验件,采用温度应力作为贮存敏感应力开展加速贮存试验,所评估得到的贮存寿命与产品已有的自然贮存寿命结果吻合得较好,试验状态更加真实,为橡胶密封圈更换周期提供参考依据,并为密封圈贮存寿命的定量评估提供了一种参考方法。     

Study of mechanical aspects of leak tightness in a pressure relief valve using advanced FE-analysis

This paper presents a numerical study involving the deformation of contact faces in the metal-to-metal seal in a typical pressure relief valve. The valve geometry is simplified to an axisymmetric problem, which comprises a simple geometry consisting of only 3 components. A cylindrical nozzle, which has a valve seat on top, contacts with a disk, which is preloaded by a compressed linear spring. All the components are made of AISI type 316N(L) steel defined using the multilinear kinematic hardening model based on monotonic and cyclic tests at 20° C. In-service observations show that there is a limited fluid leakage through the valve seat at operational pressures about 90% of the set pressure, which is caused by the fluid penetrating into surface asperities at the microscale. Nonlinear FEA in ANSYS using the fluid pressure penetration (FPP) technique revealed that there is a limited amount of fluid penetrating into gap, which is caused by the plastic deformation of the valve seat at the macroscale. Prediction of the fluid pressure distribution over the valve seat just before the valve lift is addressed in this study considering the FPP interaction on multiscale. This is the principal scope, since it allows adjustment of the valve spring force in order to improve the leak tightness.     

新型汽封在超临界600MW机组的应用

介绍了一种新型汽封在国产600 MW机组节能改造中的应用。改造方案为将汽轮机组原通流部分及轴端的梳齿型汽封改为新型接触式密封齿＋蜂窝汽封＋铁素体齿的组合汽封,改造后漏汽量大幅减少,高、中、低压缸效率和机组运行的经济性明显提高,对同类型汽轮机通流部分节能改造具有较好的借鉴意义。     

Mate choice among sympatric fur seals: female preference for conphenotypic males

When closely related species breed in sympatry, and where hybrids have lower fitness, reinforcement theory predicts that selection should favour mechanisms that reduce the probability of interspecific matings. If this situation arises among species that exhibit resource defence polygyny where males and females of different species reside in the same territories, there may be some conflict between mate choice based on territory-holding ability (sexual selection) and mate choice for correct species. We investigated this in a population of fur seals where three species are sympatric and where some females breed in the territories of heterospecific males, and where interspecific matings and hybrid pups are observed. The territorial status of males and the birthing sites of females were determined during daily observations, as were the movements of males and females, the location of matings and mating partners. DNA extracted from skin samples was used to determine paternities using DNA fingerprinting and the mtDNA genotype of individuals. Individuals were also classed on the basis of species-typical phenotype. We found that extra-territory inseminations (ETIs) were significantly more prevalent (67%) when territorial males and resident females were of different phenotype than when of similar phenotype (27%), but mtDNA genotype had no effect on the rate of ETIs. ETIs were probably by males with the same phenotype, as pups born to these females in the following season had the same phenotype as their mothers, suggesting they were not hybrids. These results suggest that within the resource defence polygynous mating system of these sympatric fur seals, female mate choice is more influenced by male phenotype than genotype. Contrary to our predictions, our study indicates that potential conflict between mate choice based on sexual selection and species recognition is unlikely, because females have some capacity to discriminate between males both within and between species on phenotypic traits additional to those under sexual selection. Although at least 25% of the pups born in this study were hybrid, this study can only support reinforcement theory if hybrids have reduced fitness. The fitness of hybrids among the species studied is currently unknown. Received: 19 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 12 September 1998