渭河流域硅藻群落特征及水生态健康评价

为比较丰水期和枯水期硅藻群落结构特征的差异性,对渭河流域进行水生态健康评价,于2012年10月(丰水期)和2013年4月(枯水期)对渭河流域60个采样点进行调查. 结果表明,丰水期共采集到硅藻221种,枯水期为148种. 多响应置换过程结果显示,渭河水系、泾河水系和北洛河水系硅藻群落存在显著性差异. 丰水期渭河水系和北洛河水系硅藻丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数平均值分别为30、3.05、0.63和37、3.42、0.66,显著高于枯水期的23、2.11、0.46和23、2.52、0.56. 泾河水系丰水期和枯水期硅藻参数无显著性差异. 典范对应分析结果表明:丰水期影响渭河水系、泾河水系和北洛河水系硅藻群落结构的主要环境因子为Flux(流量)、ρ(SS)和ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解固体);枯水期主要影响因子分别为ρ(NH₄+)、ρ(SS)和Hard(硬度). 应用硅藻生物完整性评价法(D-IBI)和生物硅藻指数法(BDI)对渭河流域进行健康评价,其结果显示,渭河流域丰水期和枯水期整体健康状况一般,渭河水系上游及右岸支流、泾河水系源头及北洛河水系中游地区健康状况较好,渭河水系下游、泾河水系中下游以及北洛河水系上游和下游地区健康状况较差.      

全球气候变化背景下吉林省生长季水热变化及其种植策略研究

论文旨在揭示全球气候变化背景下,吉林省平原地区和林区的低、 中、 高海拔地区生长季水热变化规律,并据此提出各地区作物种植调整途径。研究结果表明:平原地区生长季积温增加和生长季长度延长及初日提前、 终日延后的变化最大,种植策略的调整空间最大;林区中、 高海拔地区的生长季长度和积温变化大于低海拔地区,三个海拔地区生长季长度的变化主要是生长季终日延后贡献的。以玉米种植为例,平原地区可提前播种时间,延后收获时间,改种晚熟品种代替中晚熟品种;为躲避严重的春旱,其西部地区可延后播种时间,仍然种植中晚熟品种。林区低海拔地区玉米种植以中晚熟品种代替中熟品种,林区中海拔地区用中早熟、 中熟品种代替早熟、 中早熟品种,林区高海拔地区可用中早熟品种代替极早、 早熟品种,三个地区主要通过延后收获时间,达到作物成熟所需热量。     

洱海常见沉水植物磷含量的种间差异及季节性变化特征

P是湖泊生态系统中很重要的生命元素,水生植物对于湖泊中P的生物化学循环至关重要. 通过分析不同季节下洱海7种常见的沉水植物地上部分w(P),研究了洱海常见沉水植物地上部分w(P)的种间差异及季节性变化特征. 结果表明:洱海沉水植物地上部分w(P)总体呈正态分布,平均值为2.64 mg/g,范围为0.90~6.79 mg/g. 沉水植物地上部分w(P)的种间差异和季节差异显著,其中7种沉水植物地上部分w(P)平均值为苦草(3.32 mg/g)>轮叶黑藻(2.88 mg/g)>金鱼藻(2.72 mg/g)>微齿眼子菜(2.53 mg/g)>穗花狐尾藻(2.39 mg/g)>篦齿眼子菜(2.34 mg/g)>马来眼子菜(2.27 mg/g);季节间表现为春季(3.46 mg/g)>夏季(3.05 mg/g)>冬季(2.20 mg/g)>秋季(1.98 mg/g). 环境中w(P)、叶与茎生物量比值和生活史特征可能是决定植物地上部分w(P)的重要因素. 此外,由于环境中有效P含量较低,洱海沉水植物地上部分w(P)低于长江中下游湖泊.      

基于洪灾发生频率的辽宁省汛期分期研究

以辽宁省近55年(1956-2010年)历史洪涝灾害为研究对象,依据洪涝灾害在年内各时段的发生频率,进行汛期划分.从55年的洪灾资料中共摘录洪灾44次,其中一般灾害27次,严重灾害17次.根据各候一般灾害和严重灾害次数,确定辽宁省汛期为6月1日-9月5日,主汛期为7月11日-8月20日.55年的洪涝灾害统计表明,汛期一般洪灾和严重洪灾所占比例达到100％,主汛期严重灾害比例达到100％,一般洪灾比例达到70.4％.汛期降水和径流占全年60％以上,主汛期占全年30％～40％.与辽宁省主要流域代表性水文站点降水和径流汛期分期结果的对比分析表明,洪涝灾害的发生时间、频率、等级能够反映降水和径流的年内变化特征,重大灾害的出现与主汛期的出现具有同步性.     

Seasonal decline in reproductive performance varies with colony size in the fairy martin, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Petrochelidon ariel</Emphasis>

Reproductive success within populations often varies with the timing of breeding, typically declining over the season. This variation is usually attributed to seasonal changes in resource availability and/or differences in the quality or experience of breeders. In colonial species, the timing of breeding may be of particular importance because the costs and benefits of colonial breeding are likely to vary over the season and also with colony size. In this study, we examine the relationship between timing of breeding and reproductive performance (clutch size and nest success) both within and between variable sized colonies (n = 18) of fairy martins, Petrochelidon ariel. In four of these colonies, we also experimentally delayed laying in selected nests to disentangle the effects of laying date and individual quality/experience on reproductive success. Within colonies, later laying birds produced smaller clutches, but only in larger colonies. The general seasonal decline in nest success was also more pronounced in larger colonies. Late laying birds were generally smaller than earlier laying birds, but morphological differences were also related to colony size, suggesting optimal colony size also varies with phenotype. Experimentally delayed clutches were larger than concurrently produced non-delayed clutches, but only in larger colonies. Similarly, delayed clutches were more likely to produce fledglings, particularly later in the season and in larger colonies. We suggest that the reduced performance of late breeding pairs in larger colonies resulted primarily from inexperienced/low quality birds preferring to settle in larger colonies, possibly exacerbated by an increase in the costs of coloniality (e.g., resource depletion and ectoparasite infestations) with date and colony size. These findings highlight the importance of phenotype-related differences in settlement decisions and reproductive performance to an improved understanding of colonial breeding and variation in colony size.     

长江重点江段枯水期药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)的空间分布特征及来源

药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)由于潜在的生态效应引起广泛关注,近年来在长江流域中也被普遍检出.本文研究了长江攀枝花、宜宾、泸州、重庆、涪陵、三峡、岳阳、武汉、九江和南京共计10个重点江段枯水期表层水中57种PPCPs及部分代谢产物的分布和来源,为长江流域的污染管控提供了科学支撑.结果表明,长江表层水中57种PPCPs均...     

液冷电子吊舱温度环境测试研究

目的 为液冷电子吊舱热管理系统设计、可靠性预计提供实测数据支撑.方法 在液冷电子吊舱搭载航空平台,通过采集不同季节、不同飞行工况下电子吊舱内部的温度数据,获取舱内温度环境参数.结果 在统计工况范围内,引气温度的波动范围为?30～54℃,出现在0～30℃的概率为80.8％,而供液温度的波动范围为?5～46℃,出现在10～...     

Seasonal Variation of the Particle Size Distribution of n-Alkanes and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Aerosol of Guangzhou, China

Seasonal aerosol samples have been collected by Andersen Hi-Vol pumping system equipped with a five stage cascade impactor and a backup filter (size range: 10–7.2 μ m, 7.2–3.0 μ m, 3.0–1.5 μ m, 1.5–0.95 μ m, 0.95–0.49 μ m, ≤0.49 μ m) in the Liwan district, Guangzhou. n-Alkanes were measured using gas chromatography and PAHs were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The bimodal log-normal distributions of n-alkanes and semi-volatile PAHs were found, while for non-volatile PAHs that was unimodal, so much as the mode of semi-volatile PAHs was similar with that of the particles. The n-alkanes and PAHs were preferably associated with fine particles. C _max (carbon number maximum) (C₂₂–C₂₆), CPI (carbon preference index) (1.12–1.21), U/R (unresolved to resolved components ratio) (7.42–10.7), wax% (0.9–3.12%) and the diagnostic ratios for PAHs revealed that vehicular emission was the major source of these organic compounds during the study periods, while the contribution of epicuticular waxes emitted by terrestrial plants was minor. CPI₂ (values for petrogenic hydrocarbons), CPI₃ (values for biogenic n-alkanes) and wax% revealed that the natural preferentially accumulated in the larger aerosol while the anthropogenic in the smaller. In addition, the different MMDs (mass median diameters) for n-alkanes and PAHs were observed in different seasons. The MMDs for n-alkanes and PAHs were higher in autumn/winter than those in spring/summer. The seasonal effect was related to the hydrocarbon content in the individual particulate fractions, showing a preferential association of n-alkanes and PAHs with larger particles in the autumn/winter season.     

2018～2020年北京市大气PM2.5污染特征及改善原因

利用2018～2020年北京市33个环境评价站和5个区域评价站的空气质量数据,以及气象数据和北京市城区PM_2.5组分数据,研究了3年间北京PM_2.5的浓度演变、时空变化和重污染发生情况,并对PM_2.5组分和气象条件变化进行比较分析.结果发现,3年间北京市ρ(PM_2.5)分别为51、42和38μg·m^-3,2020年的PM_2.5相比2017年下降30.9%,但仍超过国际标准8.6%;北京市PM_2.5空间分布依旧维持南高北低的特征,但南北差异逐年减小,区域浓度趋于均一化;1～3月PM_2.5浓度相对较高,8～9月PM_2.5浓度相对较低,采暖季各污染物浓度均显著高于非采暖季,NO_x和CO分别偏高58.4%和52.9%,PM_2.5偏高27.5%;采暖季和非采暖季PM_2.5日变化出现反向特征,采暖季夜间PM_2.5明显...     

黄海溶解无机氮时空变化及其水团对DIN总量的影响

本文根据2013~2016年4个航次调查资料,研究了黄海水体中溶解无机氮（DIN）的时空变化及其总量影响因素.结果表明：春、夏、秋和冬季黄海调查海域DIN平均浓度分别为（5.43±4.02）,（4.47±3.16）,（7.46±3.56）和（5.09±2.59）μmol/L.其中,秋季浓度最高,夏季最低;黄海调查海域各季节DIN的分布呈现近岸高、外海低的变化规律,近岸高值点多集中在长江口以北、山东半岛和辽东半岛等处.春~秋季影响DIN分布的因素主要是陆源输入和浮游植物的生长繁殖,冬季则主要是河流输入和沉积物再悬浮作用.四季在中央海域底层还存在一个高值区（>6μmol/L）,主要受黄海冷水团和黄海暖流等共同影响;通过聚类分析法对黄海四季水团进行了基本划分,调查海域主要包括5个水团：黄海混合水团、黄海冷水团、黄海暖流水、沿岸水团和黄东海混合水团,除黄海混合水团终年存在外,其他水团均为季节性存在;调查海域DIN总量四季差异不大,整体含量介于1.0×10⁶~1.5×10⁶t,春、夏、秋和冬季DIN总量分别约为1.2×10⁶,1.0×10⁶,1.5×10⁶和1.3×10⁶t.春季和夏季受浮游植物吸收影响,DIN总量略低,从水团对DIN总量的贡献上来看,春季以黄海暖流为主,夏季以黄海冷水团为主,秋、冬季以黄海混合水团为主.