The pollution release and transfer register system in the U.S. and Japan: an analysis of productivity

This study analyzes Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which includes all categories of productivity. Our measure investigates productivity in the context of the provision and dissemination of environmental information policies. We investigated data on the emission of toxic chemical substances for the U.S. and Japanese manufacturing firms, including 386 firms for the period 1999-2007 and 466 firms for the period 2001-2008. The results show that productivity improved in all nine industrial sectors and that pollution levels were high in the U.S. and Japan from 2001 to 2007. In particular, the electronics industry improved rapidly after 2002 in both countries, which may be attributed to the enforcement of RoHS and the REACH directive in Europe. As a result of these stringent policies on toxic chemical emissions, the U.S. and Japanese firms, many of which export to the European market, have strong incentives to reduce their toxic chemical emissions.     

汽车制造企业恶臭来源及影响分析

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是工业恶臭的重要来源之一.本文以某汽车制造企业为研究对象,对其产生的恶臭来源及对敏感点居民区的影响进行采样和分析.2016年11月15~17日,分别采用三点比较式臭袋法和大气预浓缩仪-气相色谱(GC)-质谱(MS)联用法对该企业厂区内各个车间的排气筒、厂界和敏感点的臭气浓度和VOCs组分进行定性、定量分析.结果表明,该企业整车厂和发动机厂各个车间排气筒的臭气浓度均未超标,发动机厂厂界的臭气浓度未超标,但整车厂的厂界和敏感点的臭气浓度均超过标准限值.监测共确认54种VOCs物种,包括芳香烃、卤代烃、烷烃、烯烃、环烷烃、酮类、酯类、醚类、醇类、含硫化合物和含氧环化合物.其中,卤代烃种类最多,其次是芳香烃.由此可知,汽车制造恶臭类代表物质主要是卤代烃和芳香烃.根据敏感点居民区特征VOCs物种的质量浓度、检知嗅阈和阈稀释倍数筛选出敏感点居民区的典型恶臭物质为1,3-丁二烯.针对涂装车间所用涂料进行定性分析,结果表明,绝大部分特征VOCs物种均来自涂料成分.恶臭贡献最大的1,3-丁二烯,在排除敏感点居民区周边其他污染源影响的情况下,推断其来源是整车厂涂装车间的喷涂和烘干工艺所产生的.建议企业采用含VOCs组分较低的环保涂料或更高处理效率的RTO净化装置,以减少汽车制造过程对居民区敏感点的恶臭影响.     

SWAT模型水文过程参数区域差异研究

探讨SWAT模型的敏感参数和参数值的区域差异,有助于减少水文过程模拟的不确定性,提高模型在不同区域的应用水平。论文在收集SWAT模型的国内应用文献基础上,依据干燥指数将流域划分为湿润区、半湿润区、半干旱区和干旱区,主要采用定性分析方法,分析模型的敏感参数和参数值的空间差异及其影响因素。结果表明,SWAT模型的敏感参数和参数值具有一定的区域差异。对于地表水文过程,径流曲线系数(CN2)和土壤可利用水量(SOL_AWC)在各个区域都比较敏感,土壤蒸发补偿系数(ESCO)在湿润区和半湿润区较为敏感;由于均受土壤质地的影响,湿润区CN2 值高于半湿润区,SOL_AWC则正好相反;受气温和植被覆盖的影响,湿润区和干旱区的ESCO取值高于半湿润区和半干旱区。地下水参数在湿润区和干旱区较为敏感。降雪融雪参数仅在干旱区融雪对径流贡献大的流域才比较敏感。由于气候、土壤、植被条件的区域异质性,导致了流域水文过程参数的区域差异。结果还表明,由于水文过程还受到局部气象条件、下垫面等多种因子共同作用,以及模型尚未揭示的其它因子的影响,模型参数在相同区域的不同流域也存在着一定的差异。     

高灵敏光度法在环境水样中无机铬形态分析中的应用

按显色剂分类综述了1997—2002年国内高灵敏光度法(ε′≥1 0×105L·mol-1·cm-1)在环境水样中无机铬形态分析中的应用进展。     

水源水中有机提取物生殖毒性评价和敏感检测指标的筛选（Reproductive Toxicity of Drinking Source Water and Selection of Sensitive Bioassays）

以原代培养的大鼠睾丸细胞为体外毒性试验靶细胞,采用支持细胞、生精细胞、间质细胞的形态、细胞活力、胞外乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力、细胞早期凋亡坏死率和间质细胞睾酮分泌量5种检测指标评价了X市和L市水源水中有机提取物的生殖毒性,并筛选了对痕量有机污染物敏感的生殖毒性指标.研究结果表明,两市水源水中有机提取物皆可引起支持细胞、间质细胞和生精细胞形态的变化,相比较而言,对生精细胞的影响更严重.X市水源水有机提取物对3种生殖细胞胞外LDH活力没有显著影响(p>0.05);而在L市水源水中有机提取物的暴露下,支持细胞和间质细胞胞外LDH活力显著增强(p<0.01).X市水源水中有机提取物可使间质细胞睾酮分泌量显著减少(p<0.01);而L市水源水有机提取物对间质细胞睾酮分泌量无明显影响(p>0.05).两市水源水有机提取物均能不同程度地诱发大鼠睾丸细胞损伤,生精细胞对环境毒物是比较敏感的细胞,细胞形态、活力、LDH活力、凋亡坏死率、睾酮分泌量等生殖毒理学检测指标可用于饮用水源地水质的评价.     

湖泊水动力模型外部输入条件不确定性和敏感性分析

以我国典型的大型浅水湖泊太湖为研究区域,采用国内外常用的环境流体动力学模型(EFDC),结合拉丁超立方取样(LHS)方法,研究湖泊水动力模型中4个重要的外部输入条件,即3个边界输入条件(出入湖流量、风速、风向)和1个初始输入条件(初始水位),对模型水动力模拟结果(水位、水龄以及流场)的影响与贡献.结果表明,初始水位的设定对模拟全湖水位和水龄产生决定性影响,不确定性的贡献率分别达到85.73%和66.125%,对垂向平均流速影响的贡献率只有3%;风速对表面流速模拟结果影响较大,贡献率达到58.70%,而对水位和水龄的贡献率分别为5.25%和3.00%.在垂向上,各层流速受外部输入条件不确定性的影响规律相似,贡献率排序为风速(55%~60%)>风向(10%~15%)>初始水位≈出入湖流量(1%~5%).因此在模拟大型浅水湖泊水动力过程时,可以根据不同的输出目标能够有针对性地提高外部输入条件的准确度,为提高模型精确度提供有效信息.     

太湖湖滨湿地沉积物营养元素分布特征及其环境意义

针对当前修复湖滨湿地去除氮磷营养盐长期效果的不确定性,以东太湖自然湖滨湿地与东部滨岸区、竺山湾修复湖滨湿地为代表,采用放射性核素210Pb计年法测定湖滨湿地沉积物的年代,据此计算出沉积速率,并结合沉积物柱中粒度组成与碳氮磷的含量变化,推算出自然湖滨湿地沉积物中碳氮磷的平均蓄积量.结果表明:太湖自然湖滨湿地与修复湖滨湿地沉积物的颗粒组成均以粉砂粒为主.东太湖自然湖滨湿地沉积物的平均沉积速率为:芦苇群落,0.74cm/a;茭草群落,0.69cm/a;香蒲群落,1.24cm/a;牛鞭草群落,1.27cm/a;荷群落,0.81cm/a.近40a来,东太湖自然湖滨湿地单位面积(cm2)沉积物中碳氮磷的蓄积量平均为:总有机碳1408.0mg,总氮138.2mg,总磷14.31mg.对于修复湖滨湿地而言,随着植物群落的发育演替,营养元素在修复湖滨湿地系统内可以不断累积,其沉积物库的蓄积量潜力很大,在控制外源污染输入的前提下,湖滨湿地具有净化水质的长期环境效应.     

Identifying hydrologically sensitive areas: bridging the gap between science and application

Researchers have noted that current water quality protection strategies, like nutrient management plans, lack a sound hydrological underpinning for pollutant transport processes. This is especially true for areas like the northeastern U.S. where copious research has shown that variable source area hydrology largely governs runoff generation. The goal of this study was to develop a scientifically justified method to identify the locations that generate overland flow. Furthermore, this methodology must be computationally simple enough that it can be utilized or incorporated into nutrient management plans and other established water quality tools. We specifically tested the reliability of the 'distance from a stream,'D(s), and the 'topographic index,'lambda, to predict areas with a high propensity for generating overland flow, i.e. hydrologically sensitive areas (HSA). HSAs were defined by their probability of generating runoff, P(sat), based on 30 year simulations using a physically based hydrological model. Using GIS, each location's P(sat) was correlated with D(s) and lambda. We used three Delaware Co., NY watersheds in the New York City watershed system with areas varying in size from 1.6 to 37 km2 and with forested and agricultural land uses. The topographic index gave stronger, more regionally consistent correlations with P(sat) than did D(s). Equations correlating lambda and P(sat) for each month are presented and can be used to estimate hydrological sensitivity in the region surrounding our study watersheds, i.e. in Delaware Co. This work is currently being incorporated into an Internet Mapping System to facilitate user-friendly, on-line identification of HSAs.     

贵州省石漠化敏感区生态红线空间分异与管控措施研究

贵州省石漠化演变态势遏制了长江、珠江流域的生态安全需要。为响应国家生态环境保护与修复政策,加强长江上游生态保护工作,遏制贵州省生态环境恶化趋势,研究基于遥感和GIS技术,针对贵州省喀斯特石漠化等典型生态环境问题,依据《生态红线划定技术指南》(2015-06)建立敏感性评价指标体系及评价模型,评价贵州省石漠化敏感性现状,划定石漠化敏感区生态保护红线,定量揭示贵州省石漠化敏感区生态红线现状及地域分异,并根据贵州省石漠化治理实际情况,提出具体管控措施。结果表明:(1)2011年贵州省石漠化敏感性以强度敏感性为主,面积达36 227.83 km~2,占全省喀斯特地貌面积的32.23%,总体分布规律呈条带状分布;(2)通过叠加分析得出石漠化敏感区的空间分布与石漠化现状有一定关系,表现为除去无明显石漠化、潜在石漠化、不敏感性、轻度敏感性之外,已石漠化土地与中度以上敏感性所占面积比例变化趋势呈正相关。(3)贵州省石漠化敏感区生态红线面积达6 814.25 km~2,占全省国土面积的3.87%;主要由破碎斑块组成,较集中分布于贵州北部、南部及西部地区,其中遵义市、毕节市以及黔南州面积最大、最集中;(4)石漠化敏感区生态红线的管控措施应实施治理与保护并行,主要以保护为主,同时,加强石漠化敏感区综合治理以及生态保护政策体系建设。     

Visions and strategies for growth management: Teller County/Woodland Park example

This article is the third in a series prepared to explain the Teller County growth management planning process. Once it was determined by local decision-makers that Teller County, Colorado, would pursue a policy of directed growth, concepts based on this policy were developed. These concepts presented visions and options for the future. Landscape plans then were developed for Teller County and the City of Woodland Park planning area so that these options could be visualized by local leaders and the public. The landscape plans were used as part of the ongoing citizen involvement process to inform the public about the options for growth management. To provide even more information, detailed designs were developed for specific areas in the county. From the landscape plan, public involvement effort, and detailed designs, specific implementation measures were identified, discussed, and adopted. These measures included guidelines for administration, so that county and city goals could be linked to the actual day-to-day management of development proposals. Paper 3 in a series of 3.